Table 3. Evidence Profile for the Pediatric Tourniquet Systematic Review.

CI: Confidence interval

^a researchers applied tourniquets

^b no apparent blinding

^c cessation of pulses used as a surrogate for bleeding cessation

^d low number of participants

¹  Harcke et al. [10]

² Kelly et al. [11]

Question: Should a windlass tourniquet compared with no tourniquet be used for life-threatening extremity bleeding in children?
Certainty assessment							№ of patients		Effect		Certainty	Importance
№ of studies	Study design	Risk of bias	Inconsistency	Indirectness	Imprecision	Other considerations	Windlass tourniquet	no tourniquet	Relative (95% CI)	Absolute (95% CI)
Cessation of bleeding in upper extremities (assessed with: Occlusion of distal pulses in upper extremity by Doppler)
2 1,2	observational studies	serious a,b	not serious	serious c	serious d	none	71/71 (100.0%)	0/0	not estimable		⨁◯◯◯ VERY LOW	CRITICAL
Cessation of bleeding in lower extremities (assessed with: Occlusion of distal pulses in lower extremity by Doppler)
2 1,2	observational studies	serious a,b	not serious	serious c	serious d	none	69/73 (94.5%)	0/0	not estimable		⨁◯◯◯ VERY LOW	CRITICAL
Adverse events
1 1	observational studies	serious a,b	not serious	serious c	serious d	none	1/120 (0.8%)	0/0	not estimable		⨁◯◯◯ VERY LOW	IMPORTANT