Table 3.
Clinical and biochemical characteristics of the recruited study participants at the time of obtaining their urine samples.
| Covariate | HCC Cases | Non-HCC Cases |
|---|---|---|
| No. of Patients | 20 | 38 |
| Age: Mean (Range) | 73 (53–84) | 58.08 (29–89) |
| Gender: Female/Male | 2/18 | 11/27 |
| Cause of Liver Disease | 3 Alcohol 1 HBV 1 HCV 13 NASH 2 Primary/Idiopathic |
1 HBV Cirrhosis 9 NAFLD 10 NASH 6 NASH Cirrhosis 12 without Liver Disease |
| Histological/Radiological Features of Liver Cirrhosis: Present/Absent |
16/4 | 7/31 |
| Diabetes: Present/Absent |
11/9 | 7/31 |
| AFP: Mean (Range), KU/L | 1380.60 (1–9400) | - |
| ALT: Mean (Range), U/L | 44.60 (13–149) | 50.74 (5–304) |
| ALP: Mean (Range), U/L | 150.90 (83–326) | 89.76 (53–279) |
| Albumin: Mean (Range), g/L | 39 (24–44) | 43.87 (28–50) |
| Bilirubin: Mean (Range), µmol/L | 24.30 (5–84) | 7.97 (5–21) |
| Stage of the HCC: Hepatic/Extra-Hepatic |
13/7 | - |
Characteristics of the HCC and non-HCC groups. HCC diagnosis was made in line with international guidelines. Liver disease was established using a combination of radiological scans, FibroScan, laboratory markers, and histology. All covariates were collected at the time of urine collection. Abbreviations: AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.