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Mean differences in fear of the COVID-19 disease, stress, and sleep quality by gender.
| Variables | Groups | M | SD | t-value (518) | p-value | Effect size | 95% CI |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | |||||||
| Fear of COVID-19 disease | Male (261) | 17.54 | 6.16 | -4.90 | <.001 | -.43 | -3.97 | -1.70 |
| Female (259) | 20.37 | 6.99 | ||||||
| Stress | Male (261) | 17.03 | 6.87 | -6.10 | <.001 | -.54 | -5.03 | -2.58 |
| Female (259) | 20.84 | 7.36 | ||||||
| Sleep quality | Male (261) | .85 | .81 | -2.92 | .004 | -.27 | -.35 | -.07 |
| Female (259) | 1.07 | .84 | ||||||
