. 2021 May 15;10(3):e1194. doi: 10.1002/mbo3.1194

TABLE A1.

Literature overview of weight loss interventions

Tested diets	Main TDF sources	Main results	Reference
M—energy maintenance diet (~3100 kcal, ~28 g NSP/day, 52% C, 12% P, 35% F) 3 days HPMC—ad libitum (~1800 kcal/day, ~12 g NSP/day, 35% C, 30% P, 35% F) 4 weeks HPLC—ad libitum (~1700 kcal/day, ~6 g NSP/day, 4% C, 30% P, 66% F) 4 weeks.	M/HPMC/HPLC: not available/unknown	HPMC and HPLC (vs M): fecal acetate↓, butyrate↓, total SCFA↓, Roseburia/E.rectale↓, bifidobacteria↓ HPLC (vs HPMC): fecal butyrate↓	Duncan et al., (2007) N = 19
LC—ad libitum (~1600 kcal/day, ~13 g TDF/day, 5% C, 35% P, 58% F) 8 weeks HC—ad libitum (~1500 kcal/day, ~32 g TDF/day, 46% C, 24% P, 28% F) 8 weeks	LC: >2.5 cups green vegetables, 40 g nuts HC: 40 g bran cereal, 35 g whole grain bread, 300 g fruit, >2.5 cups green vegetables, potato, pasta, rice, bean lentils, 20 g nuts	LC (vs HC): fecal output↓, defecation frequency↓, fecal butyrate↓, total fecal SCFA↓, bifidobacteria↓	Brinkworth et al., (2009) N = 91
M—energy maintenance diet (~2800 kcal/day, ~22 g NSP/day, 51% C, 12% P, 37% F) 4 weeks HPMC—(~2000 kcal/day, ~13 g NSP/day, 36% C, 28% P, 37% F) 4 weeks HPLC—(~1900 kcal/day, ~9 g NSP/day, 4% C, 30% P, 66% F) 4 weeks.	M/HPMC/HPLC: varied	HPMC (vs M): fecal isovalerate↑, isobutyrate↑ HPLC (vs M): fecal butyrate↓, total SCFA↓, isovalerate↑, isobutyrate↑, Roseburia/E.rectale↓, Bacteroides↓	Russel et al. (2011) N = 17
M—maintenance diet (~3300 kcal/day, ~33 g TDF/day, 52% C, 13% P, 35% F) 1 week WL—weight loss diet (~2000 kcal/day, ~28 g TDF/day, 41% C, 30% P, 29% F) 3 weeks	M: not available/unknown (RS 5 g/day, soluble NSP 4 g/day, insoluble NSP 23 g/day) WL: not available/unknown (RS 3 g/day, soluble NSP 3 g/day, insoluble NSP 22 g/day)	WL (vs M): C. aerofaciens↓, Roseburia↓, Oscillibacter↑ (Walker) WL (vs M): fecal acetate↓, propionate↓, butyrate↓, succinate↓, Bifidobacterium↓, P. cinnamivorans↓, B. vulgatus↑ (Salonen)	Walker et al., (2011) ^a Salonen et al., (2014) ^a N = 14
Before intervention (~2100–2400 kcal/day, ~17–18 g TDF/day, 42–43% C, 19% P, 38–40% F) 10 weeks WL—weight loss diet (~1400–1500 kcal/day, ~18–22 g TDF/day, 45–47% C, 22–23% P, 32–34% F) 10 weeks	WL: Vegetables, cereals, fruits, and legumes	B. fragilis↑, Lactobacillus↑, C. coccoides↓, B. longum↓, B. adolescentis↓	Santacruz et al., (2009) N = 36
Before intervention (~1700 kcal/day, ~15 g TDF/day, 45% C, 17% P, 38% F) VLCD—(~800–900 kcal/day, ~15 g TDF/day, 51% C, 26% P, 23% F) 4 weeks	Not available/unknown, supplementary vegetables	HDL↓, LDL↓, TG↓, CRP↓, LBP↓, gut paracellular permeability↓, A. rectalis↓, R. faecis↑, Bifidobacterium sp.↑, Blautia sp.↑, A. hadrus↑	Ott et al., (2017) N = 20

Tested diets

Main TDF sources

Main results

Reference

M—energy maintenance diet (~3100 kcal, ~28 g NSP/day, 52% C, 12% P, 35% F) 3 days

HPMC—ad libitum (~1800 kcal/day, ~12 g NSP/day, 35% C, 30% P, 35% F) 4 weeks

HPLC—ad libitum (~1700 kcal/day, ~6 g NSP/day, 4% C, 30% P, 66% F) 4 weeks.

M/HPMC/HPLC: not available/unknown

HPMC and HPLC (vs M): fecal acetate↓, butyrate↓, total SCFA↓, Roseburia/E.rectale↓, bifidobacteria↓

HPLC (vs HPMC): fecal butyrate↓

Duncan et al., (2007)

N = 19

LC—ad libitum (~1600 kcal/day, ~13 g TDF/day, 5% C, 35% P, 58% F) 8 weeks

HC—ad libitum (~1500 kcal/day, ~32 g TDF/day, 46% C, 24% P, 28% F) 8 weeks

LC: >2.5 cups green vegetables, 40 g nuts

HC: 40 g bran cereal, 35 g whole grain bread, 300 g fruit, >2.5 cups green vegetables, potato, pasta, rice, bean lentils, 20 g nuts

LC (vs HC): fecal output↓, defecation frequency↓, fecal butyrate↓, total fecal SCFA↓, bifidobacteria↓

Brinkworth et al., (2009)

N = 91

M—energy maintenance diet (~2800 kcal/day, ~22 g NSP/day, 51% C, 12% P, 37% F) 4 weeks

HPMC—(~2000 kcal/day, ~13 g NSP/day, 36% C, 28% P, 37% F) 4 weeks

HPLC—(~1900 kcal/day, ~9 g NSP/day, 4% C, 30% P, 66% F) 4 weeks.

M/HPMC/HPLC: varied

HPMC (vs M): fecal isovalerate↑, isobutyrate↑

HPLC (vs M): fecal butyrate↓, total SCFA↓, isovalerate↑, isobutyrate↑, Roseburia/E.rectale↓, Bacteroides↓

Russel et al. (2011)

N = 17

M—maintenance diet (~3300 kcal/day, ~33 g TDF/day, 52% C, 13% P, 35% F) 1 week

WL—weight loss diet (~2000 kcal/day, ~28 g TDF/day, 41% C, 30% P, 29% F) 3 weeks

M: not available/unknown (RS 5 g/day, soluble NSP 4 g/day, insoluble NSP 23 g/day)

WL: not available/unknown (RS 3 g/day, soluble NSP 3 g/day, insoluble NSP 22 g/day)

WL (vs M): C. aerofaciens↓, Roseburia↓, Oscillibacter↑ (Walker)

WL (vs M): fecal acetate↓, propionate↓, butyrate↓, succinate↓, Bifidobacterium↓, P. cinnamivorans↓, B. vulgatus↑ (Salonen)

Walker et al., (2011) ^a

Salonen et al., (2014) ^a

N = 14

Before intervention (~2100–2400 kcal/day, ~17–18 g TDF/day, 42–43% C, 19% P, 38–40% F) 10 weeks

WL—weight loss diet (~1400–1500 kcal/day, ~18–22 g TDF/day, 45–47% C, 22–23% P, 32–34% F) 10 weeks

WL: Vegetables, cereals, fruits, and legumes

B. fragilis↑, Lactobacillus↑, C. coccoides↓, B. longum↓, B. adolescentis↓

Santacruz et al., (2009)

N = 36

Before intervention (~1700 kcal/day, ~15 g TDF/day, 45% C, 17% P, 38% F)

VLCD—(~800–900 kcal/day, ~15 g TDF/day, 51% C, 26% P, 23% F) 4 weeks

Not available/unknown, supplementary vegetables

HDL↓, LDL↓, TG↓, CRP↓, LBP↓, gut paracellular permeability↓, A. rectalis↓, R. faecis↑, Bifidobacterium sp.↑, Blautia sp.↑, A. hadrus↑

Ott et al., (2017)

N = 20

TDF (total dietary fiber) includes both non‐starch polysaccharides (NSP) and resistant starch (RS).

Abbreviations: %E, Percentage from energy; C, carbohydrates; F, fat; P, protein.

^{^a}

Other tested diets not described