Table 1.

Recent applications of graphene-based nanomaterials in bioanalysis.

Adsorbent	Analyte(s)	Applications	LODs (ng·mL−1)	EF 1	Reference
Poly(2-aminobenzothiazole)-mGO	NSAIDs	Urine	0.07–0.3	35.7–37.7	[58]
mGO-IL	Cephalosporins	Spiked urine	0.6–1.9	4	[59]
mGO-DES	Methadone	Urine, plasma	2.5–14.3 × 10−3	500	[60]
Nano mGO	Pseudoephedrine	Urine	25	NA 2	[61]
Nano mGO	Methamphetamine	Urine	30	168	[62]
mGO-polyaniline	Mirtazapine, 8-hydroxy mirtazapine, N-desmethyl mirtazapine	Urine	0.4–1.1	158, 124, 109	[63]
3D-m Graphene	Carvedilol	Plasma	0.5	NA	[64]
3D-m Graphene	NSAIDs	Urine, plasma	0.61–1.2	10	[65]
GO-magnetic chitosan	Fluoxetine	Urine	0.03	500	[66]
Superpara-mGO	Tamsulosin hydrochloride	Plasma	0.17	10	[67]
mGO-β-cyclodextrine	Antiepileptic drugs	Plasma	11.89–47.1	NA	[68]
mGO-polythione	Chloropheniramine	Plasma	0.4	16.7–18.3	[69]
mGO-polythione	Duloxetine	Plasma	0.5	NA	[70]
mGO-dendrimer	Serotonin reuptake inhibitors	Plasma	0.3–0.9	30	[57]
mGO-Zr-MOF	Hematoporphyrin, hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether	Urine	3.6, 4.2	NA	[71]
mGO-MOF-74	Prokinetic drugs	Plasma	0.4, 1.1	18, 17.6	[72]
mGO-ZIF-8	Atorvastatin, simvastatin	Urine	116 × 10−3, 387 × 10−3	169.4–191.4	[73]
m-rGO-Ag	Codeine, morphine	Blood, urine	1.8 × 10−3, 2.1 × 10−3	1000	[74]
mGO-di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid	Methyl & propyl paraben, phenol, bisphenol A	Breast milk, urine	2.5–14.3 × 10−3	500	[75]
mGO	Psychoactive drugs	Urine	0.02–0.2	NA	[76]
mGO-carbon nanodot	Ibuprofen	Plasma	8	7.5	[77]

¹ EF = Enrichment Factor. ² NA = Not Available.