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. 2020 Feb;16(2):75–81.

Vedolizumab-Induced De Novo Extraintestinal Manifestations

Liege I Diaz 1,2,3,4,5,6, Tara Keihanian 1,2,3,4,5,6, Ingrid Schwartz 1,2,3,4,5,6, Su Bin Kim 1,2,3,4,5,6, Fernando Calmet 1,2,3,4,5,6, Maria Alejandra Quintero 1,2,3,4,5,6, Maria T Abreu 1,2,3,4,5,6
PMCID: PMC8132677  PMID: 34035705

Abstract

Background: Vedolizumab is an α4β7 integrin antagonist with gut-specific effects on lymphocyte and monocyte trafficking. Although the treatment is beneficial for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the effects of vedolizumab on extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) have not been well described. The gut-specific effects of the medication may have diverse outcomes on EIMs. We hypothesize that EIMs may be unmasked by systemic availability of gut-homing effector cells. Aim: The goal of this study is to describe de novo EIMs of IBD patients who were started on vedolizumab. Methods: A retrospective chart review of 71 patients from January 2011 to October 2017, including clinical and medication history and colonoscopy results, was performed. Results: EIMs occurred in 26.7% of patients who were started on vedolizumab. The most common EIMs were arthralgias, perianal fistula, and pyoderma gangrenosum. There was a trend toward a greater occurrence of EIMs in patients with Crohn’s disease compared to ulcerative colitis. Conclusion: Our retrospective study suggests that inhibition of gut-specific effector cells results in activated lymphocytes and/or monocytes that cause inflammation in other tissues. More studies are needed to confirm these observations and to develop biomarkers that predict patients at risk for EIMs and perianal fistulas while on vedolizumab.

Keywords: Vedolizumab, extraintestinal manifestations, perianal disease, arthralgia, inflammatory bowel disease

Different classes of drugs have been developed to induce and maintain remission in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), yet many patients continue to experience chronic symptoms and long-term structural damage of the bowel. The development of anti–tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antibodies to treat both ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease was an advance in the field.

Anti-TNF drugs such as infliximab, adalimumab, and certolizumab pegol (Cimzia, UCB) have been used as monotherapy or combination therapy with immunomodulators to induce and maintain remission of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.1 However, studies report a 20% to 40% rate of primary nonresponse to anti-TNF therapy and a late loss of response in up to 40% of patients.2-4 In addition to loss of response, there are concerns regarding the potential toxicity of anti-TNF therapy, particularly serious infections and an increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, especially when combined with thiopurines.1,5-8

Understanding the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying IBD can improve therapies. Identifying how immune cells flux to the intestine is the basis of a burgeoning area of biologics and small molecules. The first in this class of medications to be used for IBD was natalizumab (Tysabri, Biogen), an α4 integrin antagonist antibody that targets both α4β7 and α4β1 subunits in a high percentage of peripheral blood T cells homing to the gut, secondary lymphoid organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes, and the central nervous system.9,10 Natalizumab remains an effective treatment for multiple sclerosis and Crohn’s disease, but it increases the risk of an often fatal brain infection with John Cunningham virus known as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.11,12 Therefore, its use in IBD is rare.

Vedolizumab (Entyvio, Takeda) is a more gut-selective monoclonal antibody that binds the α4β7 integrin found in T cells, B cells, and monocytes and inhibits the interaction with mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule (MAdCAM) 1 present in the vascular endothelium of the intestine, thereby preventing the recruitment of lymphocytes into the gut.10,13-15 MAdCAM-1 expression is also present in the hepatic sinusoidal endothelium and portal vein in the setting of autoimmune-mediated inflammation.16 Vedolizumab has been shown to be effective in moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease for both induction and maintenance of remission. An important appeal of vedolizumab is its safety profile. To date, no cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients treated with vedolizumab have been reported. In general, the drug is viewed as a safe biologic with minimal increased risk of infections and no increased risk of malignancies.2,14,17,18

Extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) are thought to affect approximately 50% of patients with IBD, although this percentage depends on the definition of EIM being used.19 Proposed theories include antigen leak from the gastrointestinal tract, and shared epitopes between gut bacteria and other target tissues such as joints and skin. Most commonly, EIMs are musculoskeletal and dermatologic, although ocular, hepatobiliary, hematologic, and renal involvement are also recognized.20 EIMs affecting the musculoskeletal system are further classified into type 1 (pauciarticular, involving large joints) and type 2 (polyarticular, symmetrically involving small joints). The skin is usually involved in the form of erythema nodosum and pyoderma gangrenosum. Ocular EIMs include episcleritis and anterior uveitis.19,21 Luminal activity typically correlates with type 1 musculoskeletal disease, erythema nodosum, and episcleritis, whereas type 2 does not correlate with luminal inflammation. The relationship between luminal activity and pyoderma gangrenosum is controversial, and uveitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis have varying association with disease activity.19-21

Although vedolizumab has been proven to be successful in treating moderate to severe IBD,17,18 its effects on EIMs remain incompletely characterized. Several studies have suggested a risk of developing skin and articular manifestations after starting vedolizumab.22-26 The goal of this retrospective review is to determine the incidence of de novo EIMs in patients who were started on vedolizumab.

Methods

We designed a retrospective cross-sectional study of patients with IBD who were 18 years or older and who were followed at the Crohn’s & Colitis Center of the University of Miami. The study was approved by the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Institutional Review Board. Patients were included if their electronic medical record showed a diagnosis of Crohn’s disease and/or ulcerative colitis according to the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification. Patients who were not on vedolizumab were excluded.

Data of patients whose index date of care in our health care system was between January 2011 and October 2017 were extracted from a database. Further collected data included clinical history, medication history, history of EIMs, colonoscopy results, pathology reports, and de novo EIMs (eg, pyoderma gangrenosum, peripheral arthralgia or arthritis, axial arthropathies, erythema nodosum, worsening primary sclerosing cholangitis, uveitis). From patients who developed de novo EIMs, we also collected data on the time since vedolizumab was started, prior treatment, inflammatory markers, whether or not medication was discontinued, and resolution of symptoms. A total of 71 patients on vedolizumab were identified. Table 1 lists patients’ baseline characteristics.

Table 1.

Baseline Characteristics

Characteristic All, N=71 Crohn’s Disease, n=40 Ulcerative Colitis, n=31 P valuea
Age, years 43; IQR, 28.5-59.5 42; IQR, 29.8-56.3 45; IQR, 27.5-64.5 .2555
Female sex 38 (53.5%) 21 (52.5%) 17 (54.8%) 1.00
Developed new EIM(s) 19 (26.7%) 14 (35.0%) 5 (16.1%) .131
Clinical remission 38 (53.5%) 17 (42.5%) 21 (67.7%) .061
Endoscopic remission 22 (31.0%) 11 (27.5%) 11 (35.5%) .644
Prior surgery 37 (52.1%) 34 (85.0%) 3 (9.7%) <.0001
Prior EIM(s) 30 (42.3%) 21 (52.5%) 9 (29.0%) .081
Prior Therapies
  5-ASA 29 (40.9%) 14 (35.0%) 15 (48.3%) .3709
  Corticosteroids 5 (7.0%) 4 (10.0%) 1 (3.2%) .3779
  Immunomodulators 43 (60.6%) 24 (60.0%) 19 (61.3%) 1.00
  Cyclosporine 1 (1.4%) 1 (2.5%) 0 (0.0%) 1.00
  Anti-TNF agents 63 (88.7%) 35 (87.5%) 28 (90.3%) 1.00
  Ustekinumab 4 (5.6%) 4 (10.0%) 0 (0.0%) .1264
  Anti-integrins 3 (4.2%) 2 (5.0%) 1 (3.2%) 1.00
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aWilcoxon signed-rank test used for comparison of nonnormal continuous data. The chi-squared or Fisher test was used for comparison of proportions.

5-ASA, 5-aminosalicylic acid; EIM, extraintestinal manifestation; IQR, interquartile range; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.

Data analysis was performed with R, version 3.5.0. Nonnormal continuous data were compared with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, whereas proportions were compared with the chi-squared test or Fisher test as indicated. Multivariate logistic regression was then performed to identify potential risk factors for the development of EIMs. Survival data were compared using log-rank testing and were plotted on Kaplan-Meier curves.

Results

We identified 71 patients who initiated vedolizumab at our center; 31 had ulcerative colitis and 40 had Crohn’s disease. Approximately 53% were women, and the median age was 43 years (interquartile range, 28.5-59.5). Approximately 53% (38/71) of patients had clinical remission. De novo EIMs occurred in 26.7% (19/71) of patients who were started on vedolizumab after a median of 3.75 months (interquartile range, 1.38-5.75). The most common EIMs were arthralgias (n=8), perianal fistula (n=7), pyoderma gangrenosum (n=2), erythema nodosum (n=1), enterocutaneous fistula (n=1), rectovaginal fistula (n=1), spondylitis (n=1), and uveitis (n=1). In the subgroup of patients with no prior EIMs (Table 2), new EIMs developed in 19.5% (8/41).

Table 2.

Risk Factors for Developing New EIMs in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease With No Prior EIMs

Characteristic EIMs, n=8 No EIMs, n=33 P value
Age, years 32; IQR, 29.8-46.8 43; IQR, 28-64 .374
Female sex 5 (62.5%) 17 (51.5%) .7033
Clinical remission 3 (37.5%) 22 (66.7%) .2252
Endoscopic remission 1 (12.5%) 13 (39.4%) .2267
Prior surgery 6 (75.0%) 11 (33.3%) .0486
Prior Therapies
  5-ASA 4 (50.0%) 16 (48.5%) 1.0
  Corticosteroids 1 (12.5%) 2 (6.1%) .4882
  Immunomodulators 3 (37.5%) 21 (63.6%) .2412
  Cyclosporine 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) N/A
  Anti-TNF agents 7 (87.5%) 30 (90.9%) 1.0
  Ustekinumab 1 (12.5%) 1 (3.0%) .3561
  Anti-integrins 0 (0.0%) 1 (3.0%) 1.0
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5-ASA, 5-aminosalicylic acid; EIM, extraintestinal manifestation; IQR, interquartile range; N/A, not applicable; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.

There was a trend toward a greater occurrence of EIMs in patients with Crohn’s disease compared to patients with ulcerative colitis (35.0% and 16.1%, respectively; log-rank P=.0558; Figure 1). In patients with Crohn’s disease, those who developed EIMs were younger than those without EIMs (median age, 29.5 vs 47.5 years, respectively; P=.0141). Conversely, in patients with ulcerative colitis, there was no statistically significant age difference among those with or without new EIMs after initiating therapy (median age, 44.0 vs 47.5 years, respectively; P=.609). Development of new EIMs was not associated with a history of prior EIMs (P=.1798), clinical remission (P=.7192), or endoscopic remission (P=.387). In the subgroup of patients with no prior EIMs, we found that patients with Crohn’s disease were more likely to develop de novo EIMs when started on vedolizumab compared to patients with ulcerative colitis (36.8% vs 4.5%; P=.00894; Figure 2). This finding remained significant on multivariate logistic regression analysis (P=.0264). In this subgroup, there was also an association with prior surgeries, although this association disappeared when adjusting for type of IBD (P=.6499).

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

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EIM-free survival according to the type of inflammatory bowel disease. CD, Crohn’s disease; EIM, extraintestinal manifestation; UC, ulcerative colitis.

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

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EIM-free survival according to the type of inflammatory bowel disease in the subgroup of patients with no prior EIMs. CD, Crohn’s disease; EIM, extraintestinal manifestation; UC, ulcerative colitis.

Forty-six patients (64%) underwent colonoscopy after starting vedolizumab. Interestingly, there was a trend toward a greater development of EIMs in patients not achieving endoscopic remission, although this did not reach statistical significance (53% vs 20%; P=.0839). This was driven by a decreased development of perianal fistulas in patients with Crohn’s disease achieving mucosal healing (0% vs 38%; P=.0457).

Regarding arthralgias, 8 patients with new-onset or worsening arthralgia while on vedolizumab were previously treated with adalimumab, azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine, golimumab (Simponi, Janssen), infliximab, and mesalamines. One patient had an extensive rheumatologic evaluation and was deemed to have fibromyalgia as opposed to inflammatory arthritis. Two patients initially had new-onset arthralgia after the first few infusions; however, with treatment continuation, joint pain resolved and their symptoms appeared to be controlled on vedolizumab. In the 5 remaining patients, joint pain resolved with vedolizumab discontinuation and also with initiating other biologic therapies (tofacitinib [Xeljanz, Pfizer] and infliximab).

Discussion

Vedolizumab is safe and effective for induction of remission, maintenance of response, and long-term mucosal healing in patients with moderately to severely active Crohn’s disease and/or ulcerative colitis.26,27 Vedolizumab is a humanized, monoclonal immunoglobulin G1 antibody that binds to and blocks the interaction of the α4β7 integrin with MAdCAM-1 and inhibits the migration of memory T lymphocytes across the endothelium into inflamed gastrointestinal parenchymal tissue. MAdCAM-1 is largely expressed on the endothelium of the gastrointestinal blood vessels, although some expression is also present in the kidneys. Its efficacy in the management of fistulizing Crohn’s disease and in achieving faster fistula closure has also been reported in a post-hoc study ( vedolizumab vs placebo, 31% vs 11%; absolute risk reduction, 19.7%; 95% CI, -8.9 to 46.2).28 It is thought that because of its unique gut-specific activity, vedolizumab has the potential to reduce systemic side effects.29

A wide range of EIMs can occur in patients with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. The pathogenesis of an EIM in IBD is not completely clear. Although some EIMs correlate directly with luminal disease activity, others have an independent course, which makes treatment of IBD even more challenging. The reported prevalence of EIMs is 15% to 20% in ulcerative colitis and 20% to 40% in Crohn’s disease, and is even higher in Crohn’s colitis.25 Systemic therapies such as corticosteroids and anti-TNF antibodies can be effective for many of the inflammatory EIMs. It may be expected that transitioning from an anti-TNF agent to an anti-integrin can reveal a previously treated EIM of immune-mediated disease. In this study, we have included perianal fistulas as an extra luminal complication of IBD. Seven of 71 patients (9.8%) without history of a fistula developed new fistulas while on vedolizumab.

Literature Review

We performed a literature review of EIMs and the effect of vedolizumab in IBD patients. Although some studies showed vedolizumab to be effective in the treatment of EIMs, others reported the drug as the cause of such EIMs. Fleisher and colleagues reported that vedolizumab was effective for the treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum in ulcerative colitis and for the treatment of uveitis, erythema nodosum, polyarticular arthropathy, and anky-losing spondylitis or sacroiliitis in both ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.16 Similar results were reported in a study by Feagan and colleagues.30 In this study, patients with IBD who were treated with vedolizumab were 32% more likely to achieve sustained resolution of arthritis or arthralgia vs placebo, and 21% less likely to have a worsening or new occurrence of arthritis or arthralgia.30 In another study, conducted by Orlando and colleagues, 36 patients were induced with vedolizumab and followed for a median of 2.6 ± 1.6 months.31 Vedolizumab did not cause new cases or flare existing arthritis and/or sacroiliitis. Fourteen cases of IBD patients with active sacroiliitis showed clinical improvement after treatment with vedolizumab.31 The VICTORY Consortium, a cohort of 7 medical centers, retrospectively analyzed the safety of vedolizumab in 212 patients with Crohn’s disease. Serious adverse events and serious infections occurred at a rate of 10 and 13 per 100 patient years (PYs) of follow-up, respectively. Arthralgia was seen in 5 patients, and 1 patient developed autoimmune hepatitis.32

In another study from the VICTORY Consortium, the safety of vedolizumab was analyzed in 321 patients with ulcerative colitis.33 At 12 months, serious adverse events and serious infections were reported in 6% and 4% of patients, respectively; however, no new or worsening EIMs were reported. Six patients had diffuse myalgias and influenza-like symptoms, and 4 of these patients required discontinuation of therapy.33 Colombel and colleagues performed a safety data analysis of 6 trials of vedolizumab that included a total of 2830 patients from May 2007 to June 2013.21 Adverse events were evaluated in patients who received at least 1 dose of vedolizumab or placebo and were reported as exposure-adjusted incidence rates as the number of patients experiencing the event per 100 PYs of exposure. The researchers found 11.2 vedolizumab-exposed patients experienced an arthralgia per 100 PYs of follow-up compared with 19.3 patients receiving placebo.21

In contrast, Meserve and colleagues performed a retrospective analysis of data from a multicenter consortium database from May 2014 through June 2017.34 The analysis included 1087 patients, and the most common noninfectious adverse events reported were arthralgias (n=31, 2.9%; 3.60/100 PYs of exposure). Nearly all of these patients developed arthralgias during vedolizumab induction therapy and achieved resolution over time; however, 4 patients required discontinuation of therapy (0.36%; 0.47/100 PYs of exposure) and 1 patient developed arthralgias after escalation to every 4 weeks of vedolizumab maintenance.34 In another study, vedolizumab was demonstrated to lead to a flare of arthritis and/or sacroiliitis in 5 patients with IBD.22 Tadbiri and colleagues reported 49 vedolizumab-treated patients with arthralgia or arthritis and cutaneous lesions; complete remission of inflammatory arthralgia or arthritis was associated with a clinical remission of IBD (odds ratio, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.05-3.41; P=.03).24 However, 34 (13.8%) patients without any EIM at baseline had evidence of inflammatory arthralgia as peripheral arthralgia during the follow-up period.24 Adverse skin manifestation was seen in 14 (4.8%) cases.24 Dubinsky and colleagues studied the prevalence and incidence of EIMs in patients with IBD who were treated with vedolizumab vs anti-TNF agents.23 Patients with Crohn’s disease in the vedolizumab arm were 28% more likely to develop erythema nodosum, aphthous stomatitis, episcleritis or scleritis, arthropathy, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and uveitis or iritis (adjusted internal rate of return, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.02-1.62). Patients with ulcerative colitis receiving vedolizumab were more likely to develop aphthous stomatitis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and primary sclerosing cholangitis compared to patients who were treated with anti-TNF agents.23

Our study showed that vedolizumab induces de novo EIMs in patients with IBD. Among the 71 patients who were treated with vedolizumab and followed up for a median of 3.75 months, the most common EIMs were arthralgias (n=8), perianal fistula (n=7), and pyoderma gangrenosum (n=2). There was 1 report each of erythema nodosum, enterocutaneous fistula, rectovaginal fistula, spondylitis, and uveitis. Not all patients with arthralgias or arthritis are sent for rheumatologic evaluation, as this is a common occurrence in patients with IBD. In our study, we distinguished patients who had complaints prior to starting biologic therapy from patients who developed de novo symptoms while on vedolizumab. It is important to note that due to vedolizumab’s intestinal specificity, some patients with a predisposition to extraintestinal inflammation may have this susceptibility unmasked.

In terms of axial EIM, it was demonstrated that innate lymphoid cells were expanded in the gut, synovial fluid, and bone marrow of patients with ankylosing spondylitis with overexpression of the α4β7 integrin, which supports the hypothesis of a beneficial effect of an α4β7 blockade of vedolizumab in treating articular manifestations in IBD patients.35 However, it is unclear by which pathophysiologic mechanism vedolizumab induces axial EIMs in IBD patients.

Conclusion

The underlying mechanism by which vedolizumab helps or induces EIMs is not completely understood. Integrins and adhesion molecules may play a role in the interception of recirculating activated lymphocytes away from the gut. As a result, activated cells could use alternative homing receptors to enter other tissues, such as skin, eyes, and joints. The overall survival of cells is not affected. The gut-selective inflammatory control of vedolizumab may potentially limit its clinical effect on EIM prevention or may lead to inflammation in other sites. The findings of this study highlight the need for large randomized, controlled trials to collect data on EIMs, including their severity, in order to properly assess whether new drugs have a beneficial or exacerbating role in the management of EIMs. Attention should be paid when using vedolizumab for treatment of IBD patients with previous EIMs.

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