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. 2020 Dec 1;115(6):1152–1153. [Article in Portuguese] doi: 10.36660/abc.20201192
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Escore de Cálcio Coronariano. Existe Diferença entre os Subtipos de Acidente Vascular Cerebral Isquêmico?

Millene Rodrigues Camilo 1, Octávio Marques Pontes-Neto 1
PMCID: PMC8133728  PMID: 33470316

A doença isquêmica cardíaca é uma importante causa de morte em pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) durante um seguimento de longo prazo.1 , 2 Os sobreviventes de AVC isquêmico têm uma alta prevalência de doença arterial coronariana (DAC) assintomática.3 Na verdade, metade dos pacientes sem histórico cardíaco têm algum grau de placa aterosclerótica coronariana e um terço apresenta mais de 50% de estenose.4 Para avaliar o risco de DAC, um escore de estratificação não invasivo baseado na extensão e densidade do cálcio arterial coronariano (CAC) por tomografia computadorizada foi proposto por Agatston et al.5 A medida do CAC para melhorar a previsão do risco clínico para eventos cardiovasculares em adultos assintomáticos selecionados é a recomendação de diretrizes mundiais.6 - 10 Embora haja uma forte associação entre a aterosclerose e DAC subclínica, isso ainda é incerto para pacientes com AVC não-aterosclerótico.1 , 11

Nesta edição da ABC Cardiol, Negrão et al.,12 conduziram um estudo transversal para comparar o escore de cálcio das artérias coronárias (ECAC) entre pacientes com AVC isquêmico aterosclerótico e não-aterosclerótico que foram admitidos no Hospital de Reabilitação. Dos 244 pacientes avaliados, 80 (33%) foram incluídos no grupo de etiologia aterosclerótica. O grupo não-aterosclerótico foi representado pelas demais etiologias, como cardioembolismo (30%), oclusão de pequenas artérias (15%), outras causas (6%) e causa indeterminada (16%). Embora não tenha havido diferença no risco de DAC entre os dois grupos, a idade ≥60 anos foi um preditor independente para alto risco de DAC (OR 3,52; IC95% 1,72-7,18).12

Este estudo forneceu percepções relevantes que devem ser abordadas. Em primeiro lugar, AVC e DAC têm uma relação estreita, compartilhando fatores de risco comuns.1 , 3 Mesmo entre pacientes jovens com AVC, a prevalência desses riscos é substancial. Um estudo publicado recentemente relatou que os três fatores de risco mais comuns para AVC em jovens eram hipertensão arterial, distúrbios lipídicos e fatores relacionados ao estilo de vida. Mais da metade dos pacientes apresentou pelo menos dois fatores de risco independentes para AVC.13

Da mesma forma, a população com AVC no presente estudo era relativamente jovem (58,4 ± 6,8 anos), mas apresentava uma frequência elevada de fatores de risco. Em segundo lugar, a síndrome coronariana aguda resulta principalmente de aterosclerose de grandes vasos, enquanto os pacientes com AVC isquêmico constituem um grupo heterogêneo, incluindo cinco categorias de classificação etiológica (aterosclerose de grandes artérias; cardioembolismo; oclusão de pequenas artérias; outra causa determinada; e causa indeterminada).14 Além disso, é bem conhecido que há variação no risco de DAC de acordo com o mecanismo do AVC. Pacientes com dissecção arterial, outras arteriopatias não-ateroscleróticas e embolia paradoxal parecem ter baixo risco de DAC. Enquanto aqueles com AVC cardioembólico, atribuído principalmente à fibrilação atrial, podem apresentar uma maior probabilidade de eventos coronários. Ao contrário dos extensos dados sobre aterosclerose de artéria extracraniana e DAC, as informações sobre a aterosclerose intracraniana são insuficientes.11 , 14 Terceiro, a terapia com estatinas pode ser um fator de confusão na quantificação do ECAC. Como as estatinas podem reduzir as placas fibrolipídicas e promover microcalcificação, também pode levar ao aumento do ECAC.15 Por fim, como os autores indicaram, houve um possível viés de seleção, excluindo pacientes com limitação bastante grave ou baixa demanda de recuperação. Portanto, esses resultados devem ser interpretados levando-se em consideração essas limitações e as características da coorte, antes de considerar-se uma ampla generalização.

No geral, não foi uma surpresa que o ECAC tenha sido incapaz de diferenciar a etiologia do AVC. O mais interessante é que os pacientes com AVC aterosclerótico e não-aterosclerótico apresentaram proporções semelhantes de risco de DAC. Grandes estudos com seguimento mais longo devem ser realizados para determinar o valor do ECAC para estratificação individual de risco de DAC em pacientes com AVC isquêmico, independentemente da etiologia. As ferramentas de predição de risco são críticas para estabelecer estratégias de intervenção, com o objetivo de prevenir eventos coronarianos maiores em pacientes com AVC.

Footnotes

Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Escore de Cálcio Coronário e Estratificação do Risco de Doença Arterial Coronariana em Pacientes com Acidente Vascular Encefálico Isquêmico Aterosclerótico e não-Aterosclerótico

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Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020 Dec 1;115(6):1152–1153. [Article in English]

Coronary Calcium Score. Is There a Difference among Ischemic Stroke Subtypes?

Millene Rodrigues Camilo 1, Octavio Marques Pontes-Neto 1

Ischemic heart disease is an important cause of death in stroke patients during a long-term follow-up.1 , 2Ischemic stroke survivors have a high prevalence of asymptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD).3Indeed, half of those with no cardiac history have some degree of coronary atherosclerotic plaques and one-third have more than 50% of coronary stenosis.4For the assessment of CAD risk, a non-invasive stratification score based on the extent and density of computed tomography coronary artery calcium (CAC) was proposed by Agatston et al.5The measurement of CAC to improve clinical risk prediction for cardiovascular events in selected asymptomatic adults is the recommendation of worldwide guidelines.6 - 10Although there is a strong association between atherosclerosis and subclinical CAD, it is remains uncertain for non-atherosclerotic stroke patients.1 , 11

In this issue of ABC Cardiol, Negrão et al.12conducted a cross-sectional study to compare the coronary calcium score (CCS) between atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic ischemic stroke patients who were admitted at Rehabilitation Hospital. Of 244 evaluated patients, 80 (33%) were included in the atherosclerotic etiology group. The non-atherosclerotic group was represented by the remaining etiologies, such as cardioembolism (30%), small artery occlusion (15%), other causes (6%), and undetermined cause (16%). Although there was no difference in CAD risk between those groups, age ≥60 years was an independent predictor for high CAD risk (OR 3.52; 95%CI 1.72-7.18).12

This study provided relevant insights that should be addressed. First, stroke and CAD have a close association, sharing common risk factors.1 , 3Even among young stroke patients, the prevalence of these risks is substantial. A recent published study reported that the three most common risk factors for stroke at a young age were arterial hypertension, lipid disorders and lifestyle-related factors. More than half of the patients had at least two independent risk factors for stroke.13

Likewise, the stroke population in the present study showed a relatively young age (58.4 ± 6.8 years), but had a high frequency of risk factors. Second, acute coronary syndrome results mainly from large-vessel atherosclerosis, whereas ischemic stroke patients are a heterogeneous group, including five categories of etiology classification (large-artery atherosclerosis; cardioembolism; small artery occlusion; other determined cause; and undetermined cause).14In addition, it is well recognized that there is a variation in CAD risk according to the stroke mechanism. Patients with artery dissection, other nonatherosclerotic arteriopathies, and paradoxical embolism seem to be at low CAD risk. While those with cardioembolic stroke, mainly attributed to atrial fibrillation, may have a higher likelihood of coronary events. As opposed to a large amount of data on extracranial artery atherosclerosis and CAD, insufficient information is available about intracranial atherosclerosis.11 , 14Third, statin therapy may be a confounder in CCS quantification. Since statins can reduce the fibrolipid plaques and promote micro-calcification, it might also lead to an increase in CCS.15Finally, as the authors pointed out, there was a possible selection bias, excluding either patients with quite severe limitation or low recovery demand. Therefore, these results should be interpreted taking into account these limitations and the cohort characteristic, before jumping to broad generalization.

Overall, it was not a surprise that the CCS itself was unable to distinguish stroke etiology. Most interestingly, atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic stroke patients showed similar proportions for CAD risk. Large studies with longer follow-up periods should be undertaken to determine the CCS value for individual CAD risk stratification in ischemic stroke patients regardless of the etiology. Risk prediction tools are critical for intervention strategies, aiming to prevent major coronary events in stroke patients.

Footnotes

Short Editorial related to the article: Coronary Calcium Score and Stratification of Coronary Artery Disease Risk in Patients with Atherosclerotic and Non-Atherosclerotic Ischemic Stroke


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