Jianmin Zuo
Jianmin Zuo
1Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
1,#,
Alexander C Dowell
Alexander C Dowell
1Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
1,#,
Hayden Pearce
Hayden Pearce
1Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
1,#,
Kriti Verma
Kriti Verma
1Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
1,#,
Heather M Long
Heather M Long
1Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
1,
Jusnara Begum
Jusnara Begum
1Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
1,
Felicity Aiano
Felicity Aiano
2Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, National Infection Service, London, UK
2,
Zahin Amin-Chowdhury
Zahin Amin-Chowdhury
2Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, National Infection Service, London, UK
2,
Katja Hoschler
Katja Hoschler
2Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, National Infection Service, London, UK
2,
Tim Brooks
Tim Brooks
3Immunoassay Laboratory, National Infection Service, Porton Down, UK
3,
Stephen Taylor
Stephen Taylor
3Immunoassay Laboratory, National Infection Service, Porton Down, UK
3,
Jacqueline Hewson
Jacqueline Hewson
3Immunoassay Laboratory, National Infection Service, Porton Down, UK
3,
Bassam Hallis
Bassam Hallis
3Immunoassay Laboratory, National Infection Service, Porton Down, UK
3,
Lorrain Stapley
Lorrain Stapley
3Immunoassay Laboratory, National Infection Service, Porton Down, UK
3,
Ray Borrow
Ray Borrow
4Sero-epidemiology Unit, Public Health England, Public Health Laboratory Manchester, Manchester Medical Microbiology Partnership, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK
4,
Ezra Linley
Ezra Linley
4Sero-epidemiology Unit, Public Health England, Public Health Laboratory Manchester, Manchester Medical Microbiology Partnership, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK
4,
Shazaad Ahmad
Shazaad Ahmad
5Department of Virology, Manchester Medical Microbiology Partnership, Manchester Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
5,
Ben Parker
Ben Parker
6The NIHR Manchester Clinical Research Facility, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
7Kellgren Centre for Rheumatology, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
6,7,
Alex Horsley
Alex Horsley
6The NIHR Manchester Clinical Research Facility, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
8Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
6,8,
Gayatri Amirthalingam
Gayatri Amirthalingam
2Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, National Infection Service, London, UK
2,
Kevin Brown
Kevin Brown
2Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, National Infection Service, London, UK
2,
Mary E Ramsay
Mary E Ramsay
2Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, National Infection Service, London, UK
2,
Shamez Ladhani
Shamez Ladhani
2Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, National Infection Service, London, UK
9Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (PIDRG), St. Georges University of London (SGUL), London, UK
2,9,✉,
Paul Moss
Paul Moss
1Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
1,✉
1Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
2Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, National Infection Service, London, UK
3Immunoassay Laboratory, National Infection Service, Porton Down, UK
4Sero-epidemiology Unit, Public Health England, Public Health Laboratory Manchester, Manchester Medical Microbiology Partnership, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK
5Department of Virology, Manchester Medical Microbiology Partnership, Manchester Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
6The NIHR Manchester Clinical Research Facility, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
7Kellgren Centre for Rheumatology, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
8Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
9Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (PIDRG), St. Georges University of London (SGUL), London, UK
Subject terms: Immunological memory, Viral infection, SARS-CoV-2
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc. 2021
This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.