Table 3.

Odds ratio for experiencing significant pain in the univariable and multivariable model, dichotomized by primary outcome variable, for average post-operative pain, most severe post-operative pain, and post-operative pain on day of follow-up

	Average post-operative pain		Most severe post-operative pain		Post-operative pain on day of follow-up
Variables	Odds ratio (95% CI)	P value	Odds ratio (95% CI)	P value	Odds ratio (95% CI)	P value
Univariable analysis
CSH	3.70 (2.32–5.90)	<0.0001	2.87 (1.69–4.88)	0.0001	1.96 (1.14–2.03)	0.02
De novo surgery	1.90 (1.47–2.42)	<0.0001	1.61 (1.29–2.00)	<0.0001	1.47 (1.06–2.03)	0.02
Female sex	1.63 (1.25–2.12)	0.0003	1.33 (1.04–1.70)	0.02	1.78 (1.28–2.49)	0.0007
Age <65 years	1.55 (1.15–2.08)	0.004	1.95 (1.46–2.61)	<0.0001	1.08 (0.72–1.61)	NS
BMI <20 kg/m2	2.06 (1.02–4.20)	0.05	1.69 (0.81–3.53)	0.15	1.45 (0.60–3.66)	NS
Pacemaker vs. ICD	0.81 (0.49–1.34)	NS	0.70 (0.44–1.12)	NS	1.13 (0.60–2.16)	NS
Type II DM	0.87 (0.67–1.12)	NS	0.91 (0.73–1.15)	NS	1.18 (0.85–1.64)	NS
Procedure duration	1.00 (1.00–1.01)	NS	1.00 (1.00–1.01)	NS	1.00 (1.00–1.01)	NS
Multivariable analysis
CSH	3.82 (2.37–6.16)	<0.0001	2.85 (1.67–4.87)	0.0001	2.02 (1.16–3.54)	0.01
De novo surgery	1.90 (1.47–2.46)	<0.0001	1.60 (1.27–2.00)	<0.0001	1.44 (1.04–1.99)	0.03
Female sex	1.61 (1.22–2.12)	0.0007	1.31 (1.02–1.69)	0.04	1.78 (1.28–2.49)	0.0007
Age <65 years	1.54 (1.14–2.10)	0.006	1.94 (1.44–2.61)	<0.0001	NS	NS
BMI <20 kg/m2	2.05 (0.98–4.28)	0.05	1.72 (0.81–3.67)	0.15	NS	NS

The models are dichotomized for moderate to severe post-operative pain (>4) vs. mild post-operative pain (0–3).

BMI, body mass index; CSH, clinically significant haematoma; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; NS, not significant.