Table 2.

Summary of Armoured CAR T Cells

Cytokine	Benefit in CAR T Cells	Reference
IL-12	Enhanced IFN-γ secretion Increased survival/persistence Decreased apoptosis Enhanced proliferation Reduction of tumour associated macrophages Enhanced resistance to PDL-1 inhibition Recruitment of immune cells	Koneru et al54 Pegram et al55 Yeku et al56 Chmielewski et al57 Liu et al58 Sachdeva et al60 Kueberuwa et al61
IL-15	Promotes naïve and central memory phenotypes Increased expression of anti-apoptotic proteins Reduced expression of exhaustion markers Enhanced natural killer cell activation Reduced tumour associated macrophage accumulation Enhanced expansion, persistence and increased stem cell memory populations when expressed in combination with IL-21	Lanitis et al62 Markley et al63 Batra et al66
IL-7 and CCL19	Enhanced proliferation Enhanced T cell and DC recruitment Enhanced tumour infiltration	Adachi et al65
IL-7	Enhanced proliferation	Markley et al63
IL-21	Enhanced proliferation Enhanced expansion, persistence and increased stem cell memory populations when expressed in combination with IL-15	Markley et al63 Batra et al66
IL-9	Enhanced central memory cells Reduced exhaustion markers Enhanced persistence	Liu et al67
IL-18	Enhanced proliferation Enhanced IFN-γ secretion Reduced exhaustion markers Increased accumulation of immune cells in TME	Hu et al68 Chmielewski et al69
IL-23	Enhanced proliferation Increased granzyme B secretion Reduced expression of exhaustion markers Reduced toxicity compared to IL-15 and IL-18 armoured CARs	Ma et al70
IL-24	Enhanced expansion Enhanced survival Increase naïve cells and decreased effector cell populations Tumour suppressor	Hu et al71
IL-36-γ	Enhanced expansion and persistence Increased dendritic cell secretion of IL-6 Increased endogenous T cell secretion of IFN-γ and TNF-α	Li et al72
Cytokine receptor
IL-6R (gp130 expression)	Enhanced proliferation and expansion Enhanced survival	Jiang et al73
IL-7R	Enhanced proliferation Enhanced survival	Shum et al74 Zhao et al75 Perna et al76
IL-4αβ switch receptor	Switch from anti-inflammatory to pro-inflammatory signal Selective expansion Enhanced proliferation	Wilkie et al77
IL-4/7 switch receptor	Switch from anti-inflammatory to pro-inflammatory signal Selective expansion Enhanced proliferation	Leen et al78 Mohammed et al79
IL-4/21 switch receptor	Switch from anti-inflammatory to pro-inflammatory signal Selective expansion Enhanced proliferation	Wang et al80
c-fms	Enhanced proliferation Promoted chemotaxis to tumour	Lo et al83