Table 5.

Multivariable regression analysis between BCAA intake and handgrip strength among participants aged ≥65 years according to grains and non-grain food groups.

	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	p for Trend
		β-Coefficient ± SE	β-Coefficient ± SE	β-Coefficient ± SE
Grains and grain products
BCAA (g/d)
Model 1	ref	−0.405 ± 0.255	−0.825 ± 0.275	−1.247 ± 0.322	<0.001
Model 2	ref	−0.262 ± 0.253	−0.656 ± 0.279	−0.779 ± 0.326	0.01
Model 3	ref	−0.109 ± 0.256	−0.515 ± 0.283	−0.641 ± 0.326	0.03
Isoleucine (g/d)
Model 1	ref	−0.279 ± 0.253	−0.763 ± 0.273	−1.030 ± 0.318	<0.001
Model 2	ref	−0.175 ± 0.255	−0.656 ± 0.279	−0.618 ± 0.321	0.03
Model 3	ref	−0.045 ± 0.257	−0.543 ± 0.282	−0.534 ± 0.320	0.05
Leucine (g/d)
Model 1	ref	−0.405 ± 0.252	−0.885 ± 0.272	−1.120 ± 0.332	<0.001
Model 2	ref	−0.287 ± 0.252	−0.769 ± 0.275	−0.695 ± 0.338	0.03
Model 3	ref	−0.121 ± 0.256	−0.648 ± 0.280	−0.593 ± 0.339	0.047
Valine (g/d)
Model 1	ref	−0.384 ± 0.256	−0.859 ± 0.275	−1.271 ± 0.325	<0.001
Model 2	ref	−0.331 ± 0.254	−0.686 ± 0.280	−0.828 ± 0.331	0.01
Model 3	ref	−0.186 ± 0.257	−0.557 ± 0.286	−0.668 ± 0.331	0.03
Non-grain food groups 1
BCAA (g/d)
Model 1	ref	0.650 ± 0.263	0.632 ± 0.283	1.203 ± 0.314	<0.001
Model 2	ref	0.479 ± 0.267	0.216 ± 0.296	0.805 ± 0.335	0.03
Model 3	ref	0.419 ± 0.278	0.315 ± 0.302	0.832 ± 0.339	0.02
Isoleucine (g/d)
Model 1	ref	0.722 ± 0.261	0.619 ± 0.282	1.262 ± 0.322	<0.001
Model 2	ref	0.582 ± 0.268	0.209 ± 0.294	0.845 ± 0.342	0.04
Model 3	ref	0.543 ± 0.278	0.298 ± 0.302	0.850 ± 0.347	0.03
Leucine (g/d)
Model 1	ref	0.547 ± 0.265	0.686 ± 0.279	1.260 ± 0.319	<0.001
Model 2	ref	0.402 ± 0.268	0.355 ± 0.291	0.843 ± 0.337	0.02
Model 3	ref	0.334 ± 0.276	0.413 ± 0.295	0.872 ± 0.339	0.01
Valine (g/d)
Model 1	ref	0.666 ± 0.265	0.614 ± 0.286	1.287 ± 0.321	<0.001
Model 2	ref	0.484 ± 0.268	0.228 ± 0.298	0.850 ± 0.341	0.03
Model 3	ref	0.433 ± 0.278	0.302 ± 0.305	0.896 ± 0.349	0.02

BCAA, branched-chain amino acid; Q, quartile; SE, standard error. ¹ Non-grain food sources include meat and meat products, legumes and legume products, fish and shellfish, vegetables, and other food groups (potatoes, sugars, and related products, nuts and seeds, mushrooms, fruits, eggs, seaweed, milk and dairy products, oils, beverages, seasoning, cooked/processed foods, and other products). Model 1: Adjusted for age, sex, and total energy intake; Model 2: Additionally adjusted for smoking status, alcohol consumption, household income, and education level; Model 3: additionally adjusted for body mass index, physical activity, dietary supplement use, and type 2 diabetes.