Table 1:
A list of DCE-MRI glymphatics studies published 2013-present
| Species | Anesthesia | Contrast agent/molecular weight (MW) | Contrast concentration (mM) | Volume and infusion rate | Magnetic field & sequence | Spatial resolution (mm3) | Year [Reference] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rat | Nembutal | Gd-DTPA, MW 938 Da and GadoSpin P (MW 200 kDa; | 21 mM Gd-DTPA; 0.17 mM GadoSpin | 80 μl 1.6μl/min |
9.4T 3D T1-weighted FLASH |
0.117 × 0.234 × 0.250 = 0.007 mm3 | 2013 (Iliff, et al., 2013) |
| Mouse | Isoflurane/NO2 | Gadoterate meglumine (DOTAREM) | 500mM DOTA-Gd (DOTAREM®, | 1μ 1μ/min |
7.0T 3D T1-weighted FLASH |
0.078 × 0.078 × 0.150 = 0.001 mm3 | 2014 (Gaberel, et al., 2014) |
| Rat | Ketamine/Xylazine | Gd-DTPA, MW 938 Da | 12.5 mM Gd-DTPA | 20 μl 1 μl/min |
9.4T 3D T1-weighted FLASH; T1 mapping |
0.12 × 0.12 × 0.13 mm = 0.002 mm3 | 2015 (Lee, et al., 2015) |
| Human | N/A | Gadobutrol | 1000mM | Bolus injection | 1.5T 3D T1 weighted sequence |
Not reported | 2015 (Eide and Ringstad, 2015) |
| Rat | Isoflurane | Gd-DTPA, MW 938 Da | 21 mM Gd-DTPA | 80 μl 1.6μl/min |
7.0T 3D T1-weighted FLASH |
0.125 × 0.1 25 × 0.125 mm = 0.002 mm3 | 2017 (Jiang et al., 2016) |
| Rat | Dexmedeto midine/Isoflurane | Gd-DTPA, MW 938 Da | 12.5 mM Gd-DTPA | 20 μl 1.7μl/min |
9.4T 3D T1-weighted FLASH |
0.12 × 0.12 × 0.13 mm = 0.002 mm3 | 2017 (Benveniste, et al., 2017) |
| Human | N/A, Awake | Gadobutrol | 1000mM gadobutrol | 0.5 ml Bolus injection | 3T sagittal 3D T1-weighted scans |
1 × 1 × 1 mm = 1 mm3 | 2017 (Ringstad, et al., 2017) |
| Mouse | Isoflurane; Ketamine/Xylazine | Gd-DTPA, MW 938 Da | 500mM DOTA-Gd (DOTAREM®) | 1-3 μL 1μ/min |
7.0T 3D T1-weighted FLASH |
0.078 × 0.078 × 0.150 = 0.001 mm3 | 2018 (Gakuba et al., 2018) |
| Rat | Dexmedeto midine + low dose Isoflurane | Gadoterate meglumine (DOTAREM) | 13.5 mM | 20 μL 1.5 μl/min |
9.4T 3D T1-weighted FLASH |
0.24 × 0.24 × 0.26 mm =0.015 mm3 | 2018 (Lee, et al., 2018) |
| Human | N/A, Awake | Gadobutrol | 1000mM | 0.5 ml Bolus injection | 3T sagittal 3D T1-weighted scan |
1 × 1 × 0.5 mm = 0.5 mm3 | 2018 (Ringstad et al., 2018) |
| Mouse | Ketamine/Xylazine | Gadoteridol (68mM, osmotically adjusted) | 68 mM | 10 μL 0.5 μl/min |
11.75 T 3D FLASH |
0.1 × 0.1 × 0.1 mm = 0.001 mm3 | 2018 (Mestre, et al., 2018) |
| Nonhuman primate | Isoflurane | Gadoteridol | 2mM | 1ml/min | 1.5T T1-weighted |
unclear | 2018 (Ohno, et al., 2019) |
| Rat | Isoflurane/NO2 | Gd-DTPA | 21.7 mM | 1.17 μL/min 1.67 μL/min 2.92 μL/min |
7.0T 3D T1-weighted FLASH |
0.125 × 0.1 67 × 0.167 mm = 0.003 mm3 | 2018 (Ding, et al., 2018) |
| Rat | Isoflurane | Gd-DTPA | 21 mM | 80 μl at 1.6 μl/min & 4 μl at 0.4 μl/min, | 9.4 T | ? | 2019 (Hadjihambi et al., 2019) |
| Rat | Dexmedeto midine + low dose Isoflurane | Gadoterate meglumine (DOTAREM) | 13.5 mM | 20 μL 1.5 μL/min |
9.4T VFA-SPGR sequence |
0.24 × 0.24 × 0.26 mm (0.015 mm3) | 2019 (Mortensen, et al., 2019) |
| Rat | Dexmedeto midine + low dose Isoflurane | Gadoterate meglumine (DOTAREM) | 13.5mM and 100mM | 20 μl 1.5 μL/mi n |
9.4T VFA-SPGR sequence |
0.30 × 0.30 × 0.30 mm 0.15 × 0.15 × 0.15 mm | 2020 (Koundal, et al., 2020) |