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. 2021 Apr 23;6(17):11375–11388. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00360

Synthesis and Anti-Pancreatic Cancer Activity Studies of Novel 3-Amino-2-hydroxybenzofused 2-Phospha-γ-lactones

Satheesh Krishna Balam †, Jayaprakash Soora Harinath †, Suresh Kumar Krishnammagari †, Raghavendra Reddy Gajjala †, Kishore Polireddy ‡, Vijaya Bhaskar Baki §, Wei Gu §, Koteswara Rao Valasani ∥, Vijaya Kumar Reddy Avula ⊥, Swetha Vallela ⊥, Grigory Vasilievich Zyryanov ⊥,#, Visweswara Rao Pasupuleti ∇,○,*, Suresh Reddy Cirandur †,*
PMCID: PMC8153908  PMID: 34056293

Abstract

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A series of 3-amino-2-hydroxybenzofused 2-phosphalactones (4a–l) has been synthesized from the Kabachnik–Fields reaction via a facile route from a one-pot three-component reaction of diphenylphosphite with various 2-hydroxybenzaldehyes and heterocyclic amines in a new way of expansion. The in vitro anti-cell proliferation studies by MTT assay have revealed them as potential Panc-1, Miapaca-2, and BxPC-3 pancreatic cell growth inhibitors, and the same is supported by molecular docking, QSAR, and ADMET studies. The MTT assay of their SAHA derivatives against the same cell lines evidenced them as potential HDAC inhibitors and identified 4a, 4b, and 4k substituted with 1,3-thiazol, 1,3,4-thiadiazol, and 5-sulfanyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol moieties on phenyl and diethylamino phenyl rings as potential ones. Additionally, the flow cytometric analyses of 4a, 4b, and 4k against BxPC-3 cells revealed compound 4k as a lead compound that arrests the S phase cell cycle growth at low micromolar concentrations. The ADMET properties have ascertained their inherent pharmacokinetic potentiality, and the wholesome results prompted us to report it as the first study on anti-pancreatic cancer activity of cyclic α-aminophosphonates. Ultimately, this study serves as a good contribution to update the existing knowledge on the anticancer organophosphorus heterocyclic compounds and elevates the scope for generation of new anticancer drugs. Further, the studies like QSAR, drug properties, toxicity risks, and bioactivity scores predicted for them have ascertained the synthesized compounds as newer and potential drug candidates. Hence, this study had augmented the array of α-aminophosphonates by adding a new collection of 3-amino-2-hydroxybenzofused 2-phosphalactones, a class of cyclic α-aminophosphonates, to it, which proved them as potential anti-pancreatic cancer agents.

Introduction

Organophosphorus chemistry has offered many catalysts for the successful accomplishments of complex1 and coupling2 reactions by the action of potential catalyst promoters.3 In medicinal perspectives, some of them have been identified as potential antioxidant,4 antifungal,5 antibacterial,6−8 antidiabetic,9 anticancer,10 antithrombotic,11 and antimicrobial12 agents. Their re-emergence in the field of medicinal chemistry made it amplified as many of them were impregnated with potential moieties in its design itself13 and identified with a wide array of applications.14 α-Aminophosphoryl functionality on a pharmacophoric core promotes antitumor activity15 and strongly inhibits the human tumor growth and induces apoptosis via the mitochondria-dependent pathway16 on safe and non-toxic grounds without affecting the normal cells.17 The recent reports on the biological activity evaluation studies of organophosphorus heterocycles reveal that this is a search thrust area with perpetual contributions.18 Such inherent anticancer potentiality of α-aminophosphonates19−25 has inspired us to design and synthesize some new 3-amino functionalized benzofused phospha-γ-lactones with a potential core of the 2,5-dihydro-1,2-oxaphosphole-2-oxide moiety26 and investigate their pancreatic cell inhibition activity. Meanwhile, the previous methodologies for the synthesis of benzofused 2-phospha-γ-lactones involves the utility of precursors like aldols,27 divinyl ethers,26 acetylene carboxylic acids,26 chalcones,26 allenes,28,29 and alkynyl systems30−34 along with phosphorylating agents like dichlorophenylphosphines,32,35,36 dichlorophenyl phosphineoxides,37 triphenyl phosphine,31,34 trialkylphosphite,38 3-methylbuta-1,2-dien-1-ylphosphonic dichlorides,39 allenyl phosphonates,40 and dialkyl phosphites.33,41 The present route for the synthesis of 2,5-dihydro-1,2-oxaphosphole-2-oxide core is highly adaptable with simple reaction procedures and hence eliminates the use of expensive precursors (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Methods for the synthesis of phospha-γ-lactones.

As phospha-coumaranones (phospha-γ-lactones) are analogues of coumaranones (coumaran derivatives) by structure and as coumaranones are potential antiplasmodial,42 antifungal,43 anti-neoplasia,44 and anticancer45 agents, we have designed the synthesis of their phosphorus analogues bearing a cyclic phosphonic acid group (hydroxy group located on the phosphoryl group), which easily facilitates ring opening operations in vivo metabolic processes (hydrolysis) and hence acts as potential prodrugs.46 This has motivated us to investigate the anti-pancreatic cancer activity and to identify the mechanistic aspects of cell cycle inhibition. Ultimately, authors have synthesized the title compounds and reported 4k with 5-sulfanyl-1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, and diethylamino phenyl rings interlinked by an aminophosphoryl moiety is identified as potential inhibitors against S (synthesis) phase cell cycle inhibition as ascertained by flow cytometry studies at low micromolar concentrations. The literature study reveals that this is the first contribution on the anti-pancreatic cancer activity of phospha-γ-lactones having a cyclic aminophosponate moiety.

Results and Discussion

Chemistry

The synthesis of novel 3-amino-substituted benzofused 2-phospha-γ-lactones derivatives (4a–l) with a core of 3-heteroarylamino-substituted-1,2-oxaphopholicacids has been accomplished by a facile one-pot three-component reaction of various 2-hydroxybenzaldehyes, heterocyclic amines, and diphenyl phosphite (Scheme 1). The regular mechanistic approach of the Kabachnik–Fields reaction for the synthesis of α-aminophosphonate (I) from aldehyde, amine, and phosphite has been expanded as such its aryloxy oxygen internally attacks on phosphoryl phosphorus and forms the phospha-γ-lactone monoester (II) at elevated temperatures. In the next step, the liberated water of the reaction hydrolyzes the monoester (II) at the same elevated temperatures and ultimately forms the phospha-γ-lactone (III) as designed and as shown in the plausible mechanism (Figure 2). It is observed that the conversion of II to III was successful simply with the prolonged heating and does not need any external reagent and catalyst. Hence, this one-pot three-component single-step methodology has been identified as a cost-effective and step-economic reaction to offer phospha-γ-lactones in short reaction times.

Scheme 1. Synthesis of 3-Amino-Substituted Benzofused Phosphalactone Derivatives.

Scheme 1

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Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Mechanism for the synthesis of phospha-γ-lactones.

The key mechanistic facet directing the design and synthesis of 2-hydroxy phospha-γ-lactones is the presence of the o-hydroxy group on aryl aldehyde and re-consumption of the liberated water into the reaction. The scope of the formation of phospha-γ-lactones from the expansion of Kabachnik–Fields reaction has been investigated with various phosphites like dimethylphosphite, diethylphosphite, di-i-propylphosphite, dibutylphosphite, di-t-butylphosphite, and dibenzylphosphite along with diphenylphosphite under same reaction conditions. However, none of them have resulted a phospha-γ-lactone monoester or its acid except diphenylphosphite, which is a product-specific reaction with respect to diphenylphosphite (Figure 3).

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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Scope of expansion of the Kabachnik–Fields reaction.

In productivity point, nitro-substituted salicylaldehyde has offered high product yields when compared to diethylamino-substituted salicylaldehyde and unsubstituted salicylaldehyde. Similarly, the reactivity of amines has also followed an order that thiazol-2-amine had offered the high product yields and 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine, 1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-amine, and 5-amino-1,3,4- thiadiazole-2-thiol are aligned in the sequence of decreasing product yields. Studies in varying salicylaldehydes and amines are currently under study for further exploration of their synthetic utility in order to evaluate their anti-cell proliferation activities against other cancer cell lines.

The chemical structures of 4a–l were established by IR, 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR spectral and mass spectrometric studies and elemental analyses. IR absorptions were observed at 3433–3416, 1238–1222, and 1096–1076 cm–1 for NH, P=O, and P–O stretching vibrations.47,48 Two 1H NMR singlet characteristic peaks for −NH–CH– (C-3) proton at δ 3.98–3.93 and for −NH–CH– (C-10) proton at δ 4.28–4.24 were observed.48,49 The 13C characteristic peak for P–CH (C-3) carbon was observed at δ 74.6–63.2.48,49 The 31P characteristic peaks were observed as singlet at δ 19.58–16.36 for P=O.48 The mass spectra of 4a–l confirmed significant molecular and daughter ion peaks at expected m/z values.

Cytotoxicity Assay

Compounds 4a–l were screened in vitro for pancreatic cancer cell inhibition assay on BxPC-3 (Table 1), Miapaca-2 (Table 2), Panc-1 (Table 3), and Panc-1 with SAHA (suberoyl + anilide + hydroxamic acid) bound (Table 4) cell lines, and the results are presented in Tables 1–4, respectively. The anticancer activity of 4a–l and their SAHA-treated models were assessed by MTT assay with increasing concentrations. Treating of BxPC-3 cells with 4a–l revealed that 4a, 4b, and 4k have arrested the cell proliferation dose dependently and are identified as potential inhibitors at 50 μM/L (maximum effective concentration) and inhibited the BxPC-3 cell growth to greater than 50%. The % of cell survival profiles of compound 4k (BxPC-3, Miapaca-2, and Panc-1) and its SAHA derivative (Panc-1 cells) is presented in Figure 4. The results of cytotoxicity assay have provided a rationale for further studies on HDAC inhibition and other human pancreatic malignancies viz., Panc-1, Miapaca-2, and BxPC-3, and hence we have performed the cell cycle analysis for the potential compounds 4a, 4b, and 4k.

Table 1. Percentage of BxPC-3 Cell Survival Studies.

  concentrations
  
entry 3.125 μM 6.25 μM 12.5 μM 25.0 μM 50.0 μM IC50 (μg/mL)
4a 71.88 ± 0.36 64.91 ± 0.57 54.35 ± 0.69 48.32 ± 0.82 37.99 ± 1.13 27.72
4b 77.27 ± 0.16 69.30 ± 0.34 60.34 ± 0.51 56.46 ± 0.79 45.98 ± 0.93 39.64
4c 80.54 ± 1.17 73.49 ± 0.62 68.44 ± 0.54 62.75 ± 0.33 57.78 ± 1.14 62.97
4d 90.32 ± 0.84 81.26 ± 0.38 77.42 ± 0.49 65.28 ± 0.51 52.36 ± 0.84 53.90
4e 95.03 ± 1.07 89.11 ± 0.80 85.63 ± 0.91 82.61 ± 0.75 71.22 ± 0.21 96.40
4f 95.25 ± 0.23 87.63 ± 0.35 78.17 ± 0.48 69.28 ± 0.19 60.49 ± 0.38 60.62
4g 96.73 ± 0.24 91.71 ± 0.12 87.56 ± 0.54 79.95 ± 0.39 72.53 ± 0.69 92.83
4h 98.54 ± 0.58 99.48 ± 0.17 93.72 ± 0.42 92.70 ± 0.81 84.22 ± 0.73 159.55
4i 93.28 ± 0.77 88.45 ± 0.82 79.66 ± 0.52 68.14 ± 0.89 59.79 ± 0.27 59.46
4j 97.62 ± 0.59 86.40 ± 0.45 78.23 ± 0.19 66.38 ± 1.10 56.38 ± 0.86 53.25
4k 59.79 ± 1.25 51.64 ± 1.16 39.73 ± 0.94 40.79 ± 1.06 39.05 ± 0.89 8.48
4l 91.22 ± 0.95 85.36 ± 0.76 76.54 ± 0.83 61.22 ± 0.61 55.67 ± 0.87 51.68
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Table 2. Percentage of MiaPaca-2Cell Survival Studies.

  concentrations
  
entry 3.125 μM 6.25 μM 12.5 μM 25.0 μM 50.0 μM IC50 (μg/mL)
4a 85.63 ± 1.28 79.40 ± 0.96 72.33 ± 0.89 61.44 ± 0.37 51.42 ± 0.49 48.19
4b 81.37 ± 1.02 77.61 ± 0.88 70.45 ± 0.24 63.65 ± 0.72 53.27 ± 0.56 52.83
4c 91.54 ± 0.87 87.69 ± 0.85 77.18 ± 0.67 64.60 ± 0.57 59.37 ± 0.78 57.74
4d 92.38 ± 0.76 85.75 ± 0.84 73.58 ± 0.62 65.64 ± 0.45 60.82 ± 0.52 60.74
4e 94.63 ± 0.77 86.22 ± 0.86 79.59 ± 0.75 73.30 ± 0.68 66.29 ± 0.58 75.70
4f 97.72 ± 0.76 91.53 ± 0.88 86.66 ± 0.45 81.36 ± 0.36 75.43 ± 0.39 105.37
4g 96.15 ± 1.26 93.39 ± 0.99 89.15 ± 0.87 83.06 ± 0.65 80.47 ± 0.71 138.35
4h 93.19 ± 0.43 91.11 ± 0.68 88.09 ± 0.72 82.84 ± 0.57 79.78 ± 0.31 151.61
4i 94.72 ± 0.77 86.65 ± 0.85 79.47 ± 0.96 72.54 ± 0.63 65.42 ± 0.72 72.68
4j 95.61 ± 1.32 88.29 ± 1.09 82.54 ± 0.26 77.54 ± 0.78 71.65 ± 0.53 93.48
4k 82.97 ± 0.78 76.51 ± 0.98 70.78 ± 0.65 63.77 ± 0.83 55.67 ± 0.54 56.73
4l 99.76 ± 0.98 92.35 ± 0.54 86.54 ± 0.49 81.78 ± 0.67 74.32 ± 0.59 96.95
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Table 3. Percentage of PANC-1Cell Survival Studies.

  concentrations
  
entry 3.125 μM 6.25 μM 12.5 μM 25.0 μM 50.0 μM IC50 (μg/mL)
4a 90.99 ± 0.96 86.24 ± 0.82 75.58 ± 0.54 67.54 ± 0.66 61.04 ± 0.90 62.72
4b 94.27 ± 0.67 88.03 ± 0.94 78.73 ± 1.14 66.95 ± 0.81 62.49 ± 0.75 62.89
4c 97.51 ± 0.92 89.65 ± 0.87 82.84 ± 0.76 76.98 ± 0.85 73.43 ± 0.69 95.68
4d 98.67 ± 0.72 96.14 ± 0.69 91.36 ± 0.44 89.76 ± 0.58 84.11 ± 0.85 167.34
4e 99.45 ± 0.25 98.65 ± 0.37 96.88 ± 0.36 92.13 ± 0.42 87.99 ± 0.53 199.09
4f 95.08 ± 0.76 92.45 ± 0.64 90.43 ± 0.78 88.67 ± 0.28 84.37 ± 0.87 215.66
4g 99.07 ± 0.62 95.92 ± 0.54 89.84 ± 0.48 87.07 ± 0.32 84.90 ± 0.45 170.87
4h 99.48 ± 0.54 97.56 ± 0.65 94.39 ± 0.49 91.50 ± 0.37 87.04 ± 0.53 194.23
4i 94.15 ± 0.77 90.56 ± 0.65 85.65 ± 0.72 79.43 ± 0.58 74.16 ± 0.43 105.15
4j 93.56 ± 0.68 88.97 ± 0.73 83.56 ± 0.89 78.85 ± 0.96 75.36 ± 0.99 116.22
4k 79.18 ± 0.42 76.84 ± 0.58 74.34 ± 0.55 67.73 ± 0.63 63.12 ± 0.39 85.02
4l 93.89 ± 0.52 87.75 ± 0.56 81.43 ± 0.65 78.36 ± 0.43 72.55 ± 0.29 102.29
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Table 4. Percentage of PANC-1Cell Survival Studies with SAHA Derivatives.

  concentrations
  
entry 3.125 μM 6.25 μM 12.5 μM 25.0 μM 50.0 μM IC50 (μg/mL)
4a 90.76 ± 0.95 83.52 ± 0.54 75.77 ± 1.06 63.93 ± 0.87 58.42 ± 0.72 57.08
4b 92.61 ± 0.46 84.88 ± 0.59 76.86 ± 0.73 64.87 ± 0.63 57.67 ± 0.78 55.66
4c 93.78 ± 1.27 85.69 ± 0.19 74.36 ± 0.49 67.58 ± 0.23 63.92 ± 0.57 67.21
4d 94.42 ± 0.78 88.69 ± 0.65 81.93 ± 0.52 76.58 ± 0.37 72.66 ± 0.48 218.16
4e 99.91 ± 0.85 96.33 ± 0.56 94.25 ± 0.79 92.18 ± 0.83 89.71 ± 0.65 258.74
4f 99.41 ± 0.38 97.75 ± 0.54 96.13 ± 0.42 94.76 ± 0.37 91.85 ± 0.59 332.59
4g 98.02 ± 0.55 91.15 ± 0.73 89.60 ± 0.41 88.04 ± 0.39 85.50 ± 0.65 221.08
4h 95.71 ± 0.48 91.58 ± 0.43 89.13 ± 0.37 88.01 ± 0.62 86.05 ± 0.53 262.37
4i 99.54 ± 0.75 95.69 ± 0.66 90.47 ± 0.62 88.89 ± 0.59 85.97 ± 0.79 188.16
4j 97.33 ± 0.98 93.67 ± 0.87 89.43 ± 0.76 84.69 ± 0.65 79.54 ± 0.93 129.54
4k 88.15 ± 0.65 82.26 ± 0.48 74.86 ± 0.35 66.52 ± 0.39 54.92 ± 0.52 54.31
4l 99.87 ± 0.63 93.14 ± 0.87 87.28 ± 0.74 82.27 ± 0.35 77.54 ± 0.72 110.24
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Figure 4.

Figure 4

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Effect of 4k and 4k+SAHA against BxPC-3, Panc-1 and Miapaca-2, and Panc-1 cells.

S Phase Cell Cycle Arrest

In understanding the mode of the mechanism by which compounds 4a, 4b, and 4k are regulating the growth and proliferating the BxPC-3 cells, we have performed the flow cytometric cell cycle analysis on treated BxPC-3 cells and identified that the treatment of 4k resulted in an increased percentage of cells in the S phase of the cell cycle compared to DMSO control [4k (G0/G1 phase: 45.5 ± 0.6; S phase: 27.2 ± 0.7; G2/M phase: 26.7 ± 0.2) and DMSO control (G0/G1 phase: 69.70 ± 0.6; S phase: 13.0 ± 0.2; G2/M phase: 16.9 ± 0.4)] (Figure 5). This has suggested that 4k suppresses the BxPC-3 cell cycle progress into next phases by regulating the S phase, where compounds 4a and 4b are identified as comparatively less significant and identified 4k as a potential lead compound.

Figure 5.

Figure 5

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Effects of title compounds on the cell cycle of BxPC-3.

Molecular Docking Studies

Molecular docking properties of 4a–l have evolved from the selective protein of the pharmacological target regulating the cell proliferation of the pancreatic cancer cell lines. The H-bond interactions of 4a–l with cancer therapeutic targets formed among H-bond acceptors and donors (Acc and Don), H-bond acceptors (Acc), and aromatic centers (Aro) in the substructure of the tryptophan moiety and phosphate moiety against the arene–cation and arene–arene interactions against the functional groups located on the residues of the inhibitor binding sites, sustaining the downregulation of signaling of the cancer cell by profoundly inhibiting and inactivating the target protein, which is a vital task. The two-dimensional ligand–receptor interaction representation maps are shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6.

Figure 6

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Two-dimensional ligand–receptor interaction representation maps.

The ligand data was predicted for the novel ligands (molecules) bound to the proteins that were docked at the target-specified binding domains of the 3HNC receptor. Cumulatively, more than 30 conformations were captured for each ligand–receptor complex pair. Among these binding conformations, the confirmation with the least docking score was taken into account of the study. Where the identified interactions are hydrophobic in major and the protein–ligand interactions at the binding domain cavity were studied from ligand interaction studies on molecular operating environment (MOE) software. The study revealed that all compounds are well interacted with the specified proteins of the target cells in the binding domains of the human ribonucleotide reductase, and this study has helped to identify the human ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors; the data is presented in Tables 5 and 6.

Table 5. Molecular Docking Interaction of 4a–l against Human Ribonucleotide Reductase Active Site.

aentry bdocking score cno. H bonds dinteracting residues of ABAD
4a –4.936 arene interaction Tyr 625
4b –4.543 1 Gln 609
4c –5.075 2 Try 625, Thr 626
4d –4.187 1 Asn 144
4e –5.212 1 and 3 Gln 615 and Gln 615, Try 625, Gln 609
4f –5.589 arene interaction Try 625
4g –5.303 4 Arg 628, 2 (Thr 150), Gln 609
4h –5.361 3 and arene interaction Glu 615, Thr 621, Tyr 625 and Asn 614, Tyr 625
4i –5.212    
4j –5.873 2 Phe 146, Gln 609
4k –5.352    
4l –5.271    
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a

The novel 3HNC inhibitors.

b

Docking scores predicted from MOE docking in binding domain of docked novel leads and ribonucleotide reductase proteins.

c

Number of hydrogen bonds formed in binding domain among ribonucleotide reductase and the novel leads.

d

The active site residues interacting among ribonucleotide reductase protein and the novel inhibitors in the ligand–receptor complex of the study.

Table 6. Molecular Docking Interactions 4a–l with 3HNC Protein at the Human Ribonucleotide Reductase Active Site.

graphic file with name ao1c00360_0011.jpg

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The in silico study performed has helped to screen a large number of newly proposed compounds to assess the potential inhibitory activity theoretically by docking onto the selected targets. The resulted docking scores and modules infer us to proceed for in vitro assays for a validated cell inhibitory activity. Ultimately, the more stabilized conformations have been further considered for studying QSAR (quantitative structure–activity relationship) descriptors followed by Lipinski filtration to identify drug likeliness and interactions of 4a–l with novel inhibitors with the ABAD active site.

The molecular docking of 4a–l against the human ribonucleotide reductase active site (PDB ID: 3HNC) revealed the arene–arene interactions of 4a, 4c, and 4h with Tyr625, P=O interactions of 4b with Asn144, P–OH interactions of 4b with Gln609, 4e and 4f with Glu615, thiadiazolic sulfur interactions of 4c with Thr626, 4j with Phe146 and 4g with Gln609 and Thr150, arene–H interactions of 4f and 4j with Gln609, thiadiazole ring–arene interactions of 4f with Tyr625, thiadiazolic–SH interactions of 4g with Arg628 and Thr150, thiazole ring–H interactions of 4h with Asn614, triazolic–NH interactions of 4h with Thr621, triazole ring mediated −P–CH–NH interactions of 4h with Glu615, and −NO2 interactions of 4h and 4f with Tyr625, which confirms their docking modes with target receptor proteins. Similarly, the molecular docking of 4a–l against histone deacetylase (HDAC, PDB ID: 4LXZ) revealed the P=O interactions of 4a, 4d, and 4l with His142, 4e with His180, 4g and 4k with Tyr100, 4h with His142, 4i with Lys33, 4j with Tyr306, and 4k with Tyr100, −P(O)OH interactions of 4b and 4h with Asp178, 4g, 4i, and 4l with Tyr100, 4h with Asp267, 4k with Lys33, thiadiazolic–N3 interactions of 4a with arene-mediated Phe208 and His180, 4e with Phe152, 4e, 4f, and 4j with Asp101 and Phe208, thiadiazole–arene interactions of 4j with Phe208 and Asp101, triazole ring–arene interactions of 4d, 4h, and 4l with Phe152, 4h and 4l with His180, P(O)–O–CAr interactions of 4f with His180, thiadiazolic–2-SH-mediated arene interactions of 4g with Phe152 and Asp101, triazolic–5-NH interactions of 4h with Tyr306, diethylamino methylic–arene interactions of 4i with Phe208, P(O)–O–CAr ring interactions of 4j with His180, and 2-mercapto thiadiazole–arene interactions of 4k with Phe152 and Asp101, which confirms their docking with target receptors.

In continuation, the molecular docking analysis of SAHA derivatives of 4a–l against histone deacetylase (HDAC, PDB ID: 4LXZ) revealed the main interactions viz., C(O)–NH– interactions (4a and 4b: Tyr306, 4d: Phe208, 4e: Asp101, 4g: His143, 4i: Tyr100, and 4l: Tyr306), −O–NH– interactions (4a, 4b, and 4h: Asp101, 4d: His180, 4f: Phe208, and 4f and 4 h: Phe152), arene interactions (4c: His180, 4g: Lys33), 2-mercapto thiadiazolic interactions (4c: Asp101), 2-mercapto thiadiazolic–arene interactions (4c: Phe152), P–O–CAr interactions (4c: Tyr306), P=O interactions (4d: Tyr306, 4h: Lys33, and 4k: Tyr100), triazole–arene interactions (4d: Phe152), triazolic–NH interactions (4d: Gly151, 4l: Asp101), thiadiazole interactions (4e: Asp101), thiadiazolic S-arene interactions (4e: Phe152), thiadiazole arene interactions (4f: Phe208), thiazolic N interactions (4i: Asp101), thiazolic N-arene interactions (4i: Phe208), thiazolic NH interactions (4i: Gly151), thiazolic NH-arene interactions (4i: Phe152), diethylamino methyl interactions (4i and 4j: Asp267 and Asp178), diethylamino methyl–arene interactions (4i and 4j: His142), and thiadiazolic S interactions (4j: Asp101) with target receptors (Table 7).

Table 7. Comparative Protein–Ligand Binding Properties of 4a–l and Their SAHA Derivatives.

  docking score
 binding energy
 binding affinity Pki
 efficiency
entry pure compound SAHA derivative pure compound SAHA derivative pure compound SAHA derivative pure compound SAHA derivative
4a –12.5 –11.9 –18.7 –28.9 10.2 11.70 0.605 0.335
4b –13.8 –11.7 –19.0 –7.70 10.4 10.70 0.612 0.306
4c –12.0 –12.0 –9.40 10.20 8.20 11.20 0.459 0.314
4d –14.6 –13.0 –23.0 –19.80 8.70 11.17 0.517 0.319
4e –10.0 –10.7 –9.22 495.0 6.05 2.700 0.303 0.070
4f –13.2 –12.3 –7.30 –28.04 8.46 10.90 0.420 0.289
4g –12.1 –13.0 –0.949 –30.2 8.10 11.02 0.390 0.290
4h –13.5 –13.8 –19.80 –24.7 9.40 11.42 0.474 0.300
4i –11.0 –12.5 –14.20 –29.4 6.60 12.20 0.302 0.305
4j –13.3 –13.4 –5.90 –22.46 9.90 14.30 0.434 0.359
4k –11.6 –12.4 –5.80 12.50 7.60 9.600 0.334 0.230
4l –14.0 –15.25 –12.1 –37.044 9.80 12..88 0.448 0.322
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ADMET Properties

ADMET (absorption, distribution,metabolism, and excretion) properties of 4a–l revealed 4a, 4b, and 4i–l as potent and 4c–h are moderate with intestinal absorption, and all have medium permeability for in vitro Caco-2 cells, low permeability for in vitro MDCK cells, low absorption with in vivo blood–brain barrier (BBB) penetration capacity, and supported them as CNS-active compounds as they are penetrable to BBB. The extent of plasma protein binding (PPB) of a compound stimulates the drug action as well as the compound’s disposition and efficacy. Based on the ADMET properties, the percentage of drug compound bound with plasma proteins was envisioned and here compounds 4c, 4g, and 4i–l were strongly bound, whereas compounds 4a, 4b, 4d, 4e, and 4f are identified as weakly bound to plasma proteins (Table 8).

Table 8. ADMET Properties Predicted for Compounds 4a–l.

entry human intestinal absorption (HIA, %)a in vitro Caco-2 cell permeability (nm/sec)b in vitro MDCK cell permeability (nm/sec)c in vitro skin permeability (logKp, cm/hour)d in vitro plasma protein binding (%)e in vivo blood–brain barrier penetration (C.brain/C.blood)f toxicityg
4a 86.3824 1.3408 26.8358 –3.7287 82.6676 0.2629 negative
4b 75.6539 0.4007 21.2933 –4.1593 83.0199 0.1383 negative
4c 64.2959 0.3780 32.3669 –3.6705 99.0693 0.1129 negative
4d 65.52749 0.3749 10.6479 –4.4693 73.3206 0.3142 negative
4e 44.9103 0.3733 1.5565 –3.5385 84.2593 0.0980 negative
4f 28.6676 0.3736 0.8129 –3.8568 81.0702 0.0685 negative
4g 20.0169 0.3695 0.7395 –3.5409 99.7054 0.0593 negative
4h 20.8803 0.3673 1.2663 –4.1431 67.6284 0.3162 negative
4i 92.1140 18.2471 69.1110 –2.9966 100.0000 0.4244 negative
4j 85.3032 5.3632 52.2455 –3.3667 100.0000 0.2141 negative
4k 76.8665 1.4893 10.7085 –3.1303 100.0000 0.1683 negative
4l 76.0095 1.1041 82.9175 –3.8803 97.1879 0.1495 negative
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a

HIA is the sum of bioavailability and absorption evaluated from the ratio of excretion or cumulative excretion in urine, bile, and feces.

b

Caco-2 cells are derived from human colon adenocarcinoma and possess multiple drug transport pathways through the intestinal epithelium.

c

MDCK cell system is used as a tool for rapid permeability screening.

d

The in vitro skin permeability infers the transdermal drug delivery property.

e

The percent of drug binds to plasma protein.

f

Blood–brain barrier (BBB) = [brain]/[blood].

g

In vitro Ames test by metabolic and non-metabolic activated TA100 and TA1535 strains collected from rat liver homogenate.

QSAR Studies

The understanding of chemical interactions of compounds with the anticipated pharmacological target helps in ascertaining their use as potential drugs.50,51 Hence, the prediction of molecular descriptors for 4a–l from the QSAR study proved them as safer drugs in acceptable range of values. The molecular weights of 4a–l are less than 500 Daltons and logP values below 5 units govern themselves in a safe manner with an in vivo host. The number of hydrogen bond acceptors and donors present in them strengthens the formation of the best ligand–receptor complex pair. The congruent sum-up of these parameters persuades Lipinski’s rule of five and ascertains their inherent pharmacological potentiality. Their surface area and volume values ensure their absorption and distribution in the best interaction with the host system.

Other parameters like gradient energy and total energy have confirmed the establishment of their interactions with receptor proteins and their capability to fit into the target’s binding cavity. Ultimately, the binding region of the receptor protein, volume, molar refractivity, hydration energy, polarizability, and conformation has empowered the interaction of 4a–l with the receptor. In support of in vitro studies, the 2D-QSAR studies were accomplished by using the three eigenvectors (PCA1, PCA2, and PCA3) and their linear regression studies are plotted in Figure 7 and noticed that the most potent curves are identified nearer the correlation curve; the molecular descriptors are shown in Table 9. The 2D-QSAR analysis revealed that all the values are laid in the +3 to −3 range, and the study supported the effective drug properties of 4a, 4b, and 4k (Figure 8).

Figure 7.

Figure 7

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Linear correlation curves of the synthesized compounds.

Table 9. Molecular Descriptors of Compounds 4a–l from the QSAR Studya.

  Lipinski parameters
 Veber parameters
 other molecular parameters
entry MW HB Don HBAcc logP (o/w) MR Lip. Vio. TPSA no. of RB Veb. Vio. no. of H V.Vol. ρ S CLP % ABS P
4a 268.23 5 2 1.32 63.62 0 71.45 2 0 19 168.53 1.59 –2.69 0.17 84.35 22.84
4b 269.22 6 2 0.98 61.42 0 84.34 2 0 17 201.59 1.66 –2.13 –0.5 79.90 22.87
4c 301.29 6 2 1.50 69.27 0 84.35 2 0 18 219.25 1.71 –3.85 –0.01 79.89 25.73
4d 252.17 7 3 0.04 57.21 0 100.14 2 0 16 195.86 1.66 –2.18 –1.32 74.45 36.90
4e 313.23 8 2 1.26 69.66 0 117.28 3 0 18 229.08 1.73 –3.15 –0.76 68.53 25.26
4f 314.22 9 2 0.92 67.46 0 130.17 3 0 16 224.92 1.81 –2.59 –1.42 64.10 24.25
4g 346.29 9 2 1.44 75.30 0 130.16 3 0 17 242.58 1.85 –4.31 –0.93 64.09 27.55
4h 297.17 10 3 –0.02 63.24 0 145.96 3 0 15 219.20 1.82 –2.64 –2.24 58.64 22.91
4i 339.36 6 2 2.15 86.02 0 74.69 5 0 32 285.25 1.41 –3.33 0.88 83.23 32.24
4j 340.35 7 2 1.81 83.82 0 87.58 5 0 30 281.10 1.46 –2.77 0.21 78.78 34.53
4k 372.41 7 2 2.33 91.67 0 87.59 5 0 31 298.76 1.51 –4.48 0.74 78.77 34.56
4l 323.29 8 3 0.87 79.60 0 103.87 5 0 29 275.37 1.45 –2.82 –0.61 73.16 29.88
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a

MW: molecular weight; HB Don: hydrogen bond donors (n ON); HB Acc: hydrogen bond acceptors (n OH NH); logP: log of octanol to water partition coefficient; MR: molecular refractivity (cm3/mol); Lip. Vio.: Lipinski violations; TPSA: total polar surface area (A°)2; no. of RB: number of rotatable bonds; Veb. Vio.: Veber violations; no. of “H”: number of hydrophobic atoms; V.vol.: van der Waals volume; ρ: density (g/cc); S: solubility; CLP: ClogP; % ABS: % of absorption; P: polarizability (Ao3).

Figure 8.

Figure 8

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2D-QSAR principal component analysis (PCA) plots of compounds 4a–l against the BxPC-3 cell.

Bioactivity and Toxicity Risk Studies

The bioactivity study results revealed them as potential inhibitors toward ion channel modulator and G protein-coupled receptor ligand and also proved them as good inhibitors of protease, kinase, enzyme, and nuclear receptor ligand. Similarly, they are good with drug score and drug-likeness values along with the hydration energy gradient energy and total energy values. The toxicity risk analysis reveals them as negative toward mutagenic, tumorigenic, irritant (Table 10), and reproductive effects and supports them as drug proficient compounds.

Table 10. Bioactivity Scores, Drug Properties, and Toxicity Risks of 7a–sa.

  bioactivity
 drug properties
 energy parameters
 toxicity risks
entry GPCRL ICM KI NRL PI EI drug-likeness drug score H.E. G.E. T.E. Mut Tum Irrit R.E.
7a –0.27 0.19 0.09 –0.40 0.25 0.45 –23.67 0.46 –19.14 0.091 73.50 Nil Nil Nil Nil
7b –0.51 –0.02 –0.11 –0.27 0.05 0.31 –23.16 0.28 –19.15 0.093 73.51 Nil Nil Nil Nil
7c –0.74 –0.28 –0.15 –0.58 0.23 0.43 –24.68 0.42 –20.28 0.097 82.70 Nil Nil Nil Nil
7d –0.31 0.04 –0.03 –0.90 0.07 0.31 –21.99 0.47 –14.98 0.097 78.22 Nil Nil Nil Nil
7e –0.32 0.09 0.05 –0.32 0.16 0.28 –30.14 0.44 –22.08 0.098 98.84 Nil Nil Nil Nil
7f –0.51 –0.09 –0.12 –0.20 –0.01 0.16 29.73 0.27 –25.02 0.099 97.07 Nil Nil Nil Nil
7g –0.72 –0.33 –0.17 –0.50 0.14 0.25 –31.23 0.39 –24.93 0.099 100.91 Nil Nil Nil Nil
7h –0.34 –0.04 –0.05 –0.75 0.01 0.16 –28.52 0.46 –26.53 0.098 95.14 Nil Nil Nil Nil
7i –0.02 0.11 0.27 –0.15 0.32 0.32 –24.92 0.43 –13.78 0.094 123.59 Nil Nil Nil Nil
7j –0.20 –0.06 0.12 –0.05 0.17 0.21 –24.56 0.27 –18.60 0.096 121.20 Nil Nil Nil Nil
7k –0.42 –0.27 0.04 –0.34 0.29 0.28 –26.17 0.37 –18.06 0.096 121.22 Nil Nil Nil Nil
7l –0.04 –0.01 0.18 –0.54 0.19 0.21 –23.42 0.45 –19.49 0.094 122.26 Nil Nil Nil Nil
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a

GPCRL: G protein-coupled receptor ligand; ICM: ion channel modulator; KI: kinase inhibitor; NRL: nuclear receptor ligand; PI: protease inhibitor; EI: enzyme inhibitor; H.E.: hydration energy (kcal/mol); G.E.: gradient energy (kcal/molA°); T.E.: total energy (kcal/mol); Mut: mutagenic; Tum: tumorigenic; Irrit: irritant; and R.E.: reproductive effect.

Conclusions

Synthesis of a class of 3-amino-2-hydroxybenzofused 2-phospha-γ-lactones (4a–l) has been accomplished and reported them as potential Panc-1, Miapaca-2, and BxPC-3 pancreatic cell growth inhibitors from the in vitro anti-pancreatic cell proliferation assay and from the predicted molecular docking and 3D-QSAR properties. In addition, the MTT assay performed for the prepared SAHA derivatives of 4a-l has also supported them as potential anti-pancreatic cancer active compounds and also identified them as potential histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. The potential anti-pancreatic cancer cell proliferative activity identified from the cell cycle analysis of 4k by flow cytometry at low micromolar concentrations prompted the authors to report the title compounds as potential inhibitors as ascertained by the S phase cell cycle arrest. This significant rationale has enriched our study to develop some more new 3-amino-2-hydroxybenzofused 2-phospha-γ-lactones and to report them as potential HDAC inhibitors. Ultimately, this study will definitely enhance the research thrust in the development of new and innovative medicinal applications of organophosphorus heterocycles as anticancer agents. Explicitly, these detailed biological studies surely help in developing new organophosphorus heterocycles and establishing their structure–reactivity relationship and will pave the way for the discovery of newer drugs.

Experimental Section

General

Chemicals, reagents, and solvents were procured from Merck, where the solvents used for spectroscopy and other characterization of studies were reagent grade. NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker instrument at 400 MHz for 1H NMR and 100 MHz for 13C NMR in CDCl3 solution using TMS as an internal standard. Chemical shifts were given in ppm, and coupling constants (J) were given in Hz. LCMS mass spectral characterization was performed by using a Jeol SX 102 DA/600 mass spectrometer; FTIR spectral analysis was performed on Bruker Alpha featured with an EcoATR interferometer equipped with a single reflection sampling module and ZnSe crystal, and absorption maxima readings were given in wavenumbers (cm–1). Melting points were recorded on EZ-Melt automated equipment.

Chemistry

Title compounds (4a–l) were synthesized by reacting 0.10 mL of 2-hydroxybenzaldehye (1.0 mmol), 0.10 g of 2-aminothiazole (1.0 mmol), and 0.23 mL of diphenylphosphite (1.2 mmol) in 6 mL of toluene in a 50 mL flask fitted with a reflux condenser, the contents were refluxed to completion of the reaction by TLC monitoring (3:7 ratio of ethyl acetate and hexane), and the reaction was completed by the product formation after 3 h of refluxing. After completion of the reaction, contents of the flask were cooled to room temperature, then added 5 mL of methanol, and then filtered. The filtered residue was washed with 5 mL of methanol four times and then purified on a chromatographic column and collected the solid in pure form and then dried in a vacuum oven to get 4a in pure form. Similarly, the remaining compounds 4b–l were synthesized by varying the substrate and they were structurally ascertained by the spectral and elemental characterization studies.

2-Hydroxy-3-(1,3-thiazol-2-ylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1,2λ5-benzoxaphosphol-2-one (4a)

Brownish pink solid, yield: 79.2%, mp: 285–287 °C; IR (ZnSe) ν (cm–1): 1076 (P–O), 1225 (P=O), 3427 (N–H); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 3.98 (s, 1H, H-3), 4.25 (s, 1H, H-10), 6.77 (d, 1H, H-12), 6.90–6.84 (m, 2H, H-5, and H-7), 7.09–7.03 (m, 2H, H-4, and H-6), 7.24 (d, 1H, H-13) ppm; 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 64.3 (C-3), 112.5 (C-13), 119.4 (C-7), 121.2 (C-5), 128.2 (C-6), 128.4 (C-4), 129.8 (C-8), 137.2 (C-14), 155.6 (C-9), 163.4 (C-11) ppm; 31P NMR (160 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 17.69 ppm; ESI MS m/z: 537.1 [2 M + H]+, 269.2 [M + H]+; anal. calcd for C10H9N2O3PS: C, 44.78; H, 3.38; N, 10.44. Found: C, 44.60; H, 3.33; N, 10.38.

2-Hydroxy-3-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1,2λ5-benzoxaphosphol-2-one (4b)

Pale pink solid, yield: 75.7%, mp: 269–271 °C; IR (ZnSe) ν (cm–1): 1085 (P–O), 1239 (P=O), 3417 (N–H); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 3.97 (s, 1H, H-3), 4.24 (s, 1H, H-10), 6.92–6.86 (m, 2H, H-5, and H-7), 7.08–7.02 (m, 2H, H-4, and H-6), 8.75 (s, 1H, H-13) ppm; 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 64.1 (C-3), 119.5 (C-7), 121.3 (C-5), 128.4 (C-6), 128.2 (C-4), 129.9 (C-8), 152.3 (C-13), 156.7 (C-9), 164.3 (C-11) ppm; 31P NMR (160 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 16.56 ppm; ESI MS m/z: 539.5 [2 M + H]+, 270.2 [M + H]+; anal. calcd for C9H8N3O3PS: C, 40.15; H, 3.00; N, 15.61. Found: C, 39.97; H, 2.95; N, 15.48.

2-Hydroxy-3-[(5-sulfanyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)amino]-2,3-dihydro-1,2λ5-benzoxaphosphol-2-one (4c)

Reddish pink solid, yield: 69.2%, mp: 257–259 °C; IR (ZnSe) ν (cm–1): 1089 (P–O), 1229 (P=O), 3420 (N–H); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 3.25 (s, 1H, C13-SH), 3.94 (s, 1H, H-3), 4.25 (s, 1H, H-10), 6.93–6.87 (m, 2H, H-5, and H-7), 7.07–7.03 (m, 2H, H-4, and H-6) ppm; 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 64.3 (C-3), 119.6 (C-7), 121.7 (C-5), 128.4 (C-6), 128.6 (C-4), 129.7 (C-8), 156.4 (C-9), 164.6 (C-11), 179.3 (C-13) ppm; 31P NMR (160 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 17.94 ppm; ESI MS m/z: 602.6 [2 M + H]+; 301.8 [M + H]+; anal. calcd for C9H8N3O3PS2: C, 35.88; H, 2.68; N, 13.95. Found: C, 35.63; H, 2.62; N, 13.82.

2-Hydroxy-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1,2λ5-benzoxaphosphol-2-one (4d)

White solid, yield: 73.6%, mp: 285–287 °C; IR (ZnSe) ν (cm–1): 1089 (P–O), 1237 (P=O), 3429 (N–H); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 3.96 (s, 1H, H-3), 4.25 (s, 1H, H-10), 6.93–6.87 (m, 2H, H-5, and H-7), 7.09–7.03 (m, 2H, H-4, and H-6), 7.63 (s, 1H, H-14), 12.85 (s, 1H, C14-NHAr) ppm; 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 64.5 (C-3), 119.3 (C-7), 121.4 (C-5), 128.3 (C-6), 128.6 (C-4), 129.9 (C-8), 146.3 (C-14), 156.2 (C-9), 163.6 (C-11) ppm; 31P NMR (160 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 18.89 ppm; ESI MS m/z: 505.1432 [2 M + H]+, 253.0715 [M + H]+; anal. calcd for C9H9N4O3P: C, 42.87; H, 3.60; N, 22.22. Found: C, 42.58; H, 3.55; N, 22.10.

2-Hydroxy-5-nitro-3-(1,3-thiazol-2-ylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1,2λ5-benzoxaphosphol-2-one (4e)

Brownish yellow solid, yield: 86.5%, mp: 237–239 °C; IR (ZnSe) ν (cm–1): 1078 (P–O), 1218 (P=O), 3417 (N–H); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 3.98 (s, 1H, H-3), 4.26 (s, 1H, H-10),6.78 (d, 1H, H-13), 7.12 (d, 1H, H-7), 7.28 (d, 1H, H-14), 7.94 (d, 1H, H-6), 7.98 (s, 1H, H-4) ppm; 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 63.4 (C-3), 112.3 (C-13), 116.7 (C-7), 124.3 (C-6), 124.9 (C-4), 130.6 (C-8), 137.3 (C-14), 140.5 (C-5), 162.3 (C-9), 163.4 (C-11) ppm; 31P NMR (160 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 16.36 ppm; ESI MS m/z: 625.8 [2 M + H]+; 313.9 [M + H]+; anal. calcd for C10H8N3O5PS: C, 38.35; H, 2.57; N, 13.42. Found: C, 38.12; H, 2.53; N, 13.32.

2-Hydroxy-5-nitro-3-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1,2λ5-benzoxaphosphol-2-one (4f)

Pale brown solid, yield: 83.7%, mp: 249–251 °C; IR (ZnSe) ν (cm–1): 1081 (P–O), 1226 (P=O), 3416 (N–H); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 3.98 (s, 1H, H-3), 4.27 (s, 1H, H-10), 7.05 (d, 1H, H-7), 7.92 (d, 1H, H-6), 7.96 (s, 1H, H-4), 9.25 (s, 1H, H-13) ppm; 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 63.4 (C-3), 116.7 (C-7), 124.5 (C-6), 124.6 (C-4), 130.2 (C-8), 140.7 (C-5), 152.4 (C-13), 162.3 (C-9), 164.5 (C-11) ppm; 31P NMR (160 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 19.58 ppm. ESI MS m/z: 628.4 [2 M + H]+; 314.7 [M + H]+; anal. calcd for C9H7N4O5PS: C, 34.40; H, 2.25; N, 17.83. Found: C, 34.13; H, 2.19; N, 17.70.

2-Hydroxy-5-nitro-3-[(5-sulfanyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)amino]-2,3-dihydro-1,2λ5-benzoxaphosphol-2-one (4g)

Yellow solid, yield: 79.1%, mp: 224–226 °C; IR (ZnSe) ν (cm–1): 1084 (P–O), 1226 (P=O), 3422 (N–H); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 3.32 (s, 1H, C13-SH), 3.98 (s, 1H, H-3), 4.28 (s, 1H, H-10), 7.14 (d, 1H, H-7), 7.93 (d, 1H, H-6), 7.98 (s, 1H, H-4) ppm; 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 63.2 (C-3), 116.9 (C-7), 123.8 (C-6), 124.4 (C-4), 130.7 (C-8), 140.5 (C-5), 162.4 (C-9), 164.6 (C-11), 184.5 (C-13) ppm; 31P NMR (160 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 17.36 ppm. ESI MS m/z: 692.8 [2 M + H]+, 346.9 [M + H]+; anal. calcd for C9H7N4O5PS2: C, 31.22; H, 2.04; N, 16.18. Found: C, 31.01; H, 1.99; N, 16.13.

2-Hydroxy-5-nitro-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1,2λ5-benzoxaphosphol-2-one (4h)

Yellow solid, yield: 82.4%, mp: 227–229 °C; IR (ZnSe) ν (cm–1): 1094 (P–O), 1233 (P=O), 3431 (N–H); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 7.64 (s, 1H, H-14), 3.98 (s, 1H, H-3), 4.25 (s, 1H, H-10), 7.14 (d, 1H, H-7), 7.92 (d, 1H, H-6), 7.98 (s, 1H, H-4), 12.95 (s, 1H, C14-NH) ppm; 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 63.6 (C-3), 116.5 (C-7), 124.3 (C-6), 124.7 (C-4), 130.4 (C-8), 140.3 (C-5), 146.5 (C-14), 162.3 (C-9), 163.4 (C-11) ppm; 31P NMR (160 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 17.45 ppm; ESI MS m/z: 298.3 [M + H]+, 598.6 [2 M + H]+; anal. calcd for C9H8N5O5P: C, 36.38; H, 2.71; N, 23.57, Found: C, 36.14; H, 2.67; N, 23.42.

6-(Diethylamino)-2-hydroxy-3-(1,3-thiazol-2-ylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1,2λ5-benzoxaphosphol-2-one (4i)

Lavender solid, yield: 75.3%, mp: 307–309 °C; IR (ZnSe) ν (cm–1): 1095 (P–O), 1231 (P=O), 3423 (N–H); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 1.24 (t, 6H, 2 × N-CH2CH3), 3.60 (q, 4H, 2 × N-CH2CH3), 3.98 (s, 1H, H-3), 4.24 (s, 1H, H-10), 6.18 (s, 1H, H-7), 6.24 (d, 1H, H-13), 6.78 (d, 1H, H-13), 6.89 (d, 1H, H-4), 7.24 (d, 1H, H-14) ppm; 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 12.7 (2 × N-CH2-CH3), 44.2 (2 × N-CH2-CH3), 64.5 (C-3), 98.6 (C-7), 105.8 (C-5), 112.4 (C-13), 119.3 (C-8), 129.5 (C-4), 137.5 (C-14), 149.4 (C-6), 156.7 (C-9), 163.8 (C-11) ppm; 31P NMR (160 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 18.25 ppm; ESI MS m/z: 679.4 [2 M + H]+, 340.2 [M + H]+; anal. calcd for C14H18N3O3PS: C, 49.55; H, 5.35; N, 12.38. Found: C, 49.30; H, 5.29; N, 12.27.

6-(Diethylamino)-2-hydroxy-3-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1,2λ5-benzoxaphosphol-2-one (4j)

Pale pink solid, yield: 72.1%, mp: 256–258 °C; IR (ZnSe) ν (cm–1): 1082 (P–O), 1238 (P=O), 3423 (N–H); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 1.23 (t, 6H, 2 × N-CH2CH3), 3.55 (q, 4H, 2 × N-CH2CH3), 3.93 (s, 1H, H-3), 4.25 (s, 1H, H-10), 6.16 (s, 1H, H-7), 6.24 (d, 1H, H-13), 6.92 (d, 1H, H-4), 9.18 (s, 1H, H-13) ppm; 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 12.7 (2 × N-CH2-CH3), 47.2 (2 × N-CH2-CH3), 74.4 (C-3), 98.8 (C-7), 105.2 (C-5), 119.3 (C-8), 129.4 (C-4), 149.5 (C-6), 152.3 (C-13), 156.6 (C-9), 164.5 (C-11) ppm; 31P NMR (160 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 18.32 ppm; ESI MS m/z: 683.8 [2 M + H]+, 341.4 [M + H]+; anal. calcd for C13H17N4O3PS: C, 45.88; H, 5.03; N, 16.46. Found: C, 45.31; H, 4.99; N, 16.31.

6-(Diethylamino)-2-hydroxy-3-[(5-sulfanyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)amino]-2,3-dihydro-1,2λ5-benzoxaphosphol-2-one (4k)

Yellow solid, yield: 67.8%, mp: 172–174 °C; IR (ZnSe) ν (cm–1): 1096 (P–O), 1235 (P=O), 3428 (N–H); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 1.28 (t, 6H, 2 × N-CH2CH3), 3.62 (q, 4H, 2 × N-CH2CH3), 3.98 (s, 1H, H-3), 4.25 (s, 1H, H-10), 6.18 (s, 1H, H-7), 6.24 (d, 1H, H-13), 6.92 (d, 1H, H-4), 13.16 (s, 1H, C13-SH) ppm; 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 12.9 (2 × N-CH2-CH3), 47.4 (2 × N-CH2-CH3), 74.3 (C-3), 98.7 (C-7), 105.6 (C-5), 119.4 (C-8), 129.5 (C-4), 149.2 (C-6), 156.6 (C-9), 164.5 (C-11), 184.4 (C-13) ppm; 31P NMR (160 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 18.67 ppm; ESI MS m/z: 746.1 [2 M + H]+, 373.5 [M + H]+; anal. calcd for C13H17N4O3PS2: C, 41.93; H, 4.60; N, 15.04. Found: C, 41.63; H, 4.54; N, 14.88.

6-(Diethylamino)-2-hydroxy-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1,2λ5-benzoxaphosphol-2-one (4l)

Pale yellow solid, yield: 70.4%, mp: 259–261 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 1.24 (t, 6H, 2 × N-CH2CH3), 3.55 (q, 4H, 2 × N-CH2CH3), 3.98 (s, 1H, H-3), 4.24 (s, 1H, H-10), 6.16 (s, 1H, H-7), 6.24 (d, 1H, H-13), 6.92 (d, 1H, H-4), 7.55 (s, 1H, H-14), 13.48 (s, 1H, C14-NH) ppm; 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 12.6 (2 × N-CH2-CH3), 47.5 (2 × N-CH2-CH3), 74.6 (C-3), 98.4 (C-7), 105.6 (C-5), 119.4 (C-8), 129.5 (C-4), 146.3 (C-14), 149.4 (C-6), 156.8 (C-9), 163.4 (C-11) ppm; 31P NMR (160 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 19.56 ppm. IR (ZnSe) ν (cm–1): 1076 (P–O), 1222 (P=O), 3433 (N–H); ESI MS m/z: 647.8 [2 M + H]+, 324.4 [M + H]+; anal. calcd for C13H18N5O3P: C, 48.30; H, 5.61; N, 21.66. Found: C, 48.02; H, 5.55; N, 21.53.

Cytotoxicity Assay

Pancreatic cancer cell lines of the study were acquired from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA) and cultured in an RPMI-1370 medium, supplemented with FBS (10%) and penicillin/streptomycin (100 units/mL) at 37 °C. Cells were plated with a starting density of 105 cells onto a 96-well plate and treated with title compounds of different concentrations for a period of 48 h, and cell proliferation by MTT assay was measured by taking absorbance at 570 nm by a kinetic microplate reader (BioTek, Winooski, Vermont) on after incubating for a period of 48 h of the logarithmically grown cells.

S Phase Cell Cycle Arrest

Initially, the BxPC-3 cells were subjected for tissue culture and plated on to a 60 × 15 dish with 5 × 105 cells/dish density and allowed to stand overnight. Then, the cells were treated with a test solution of 4a, 4b, and 4k with 50 μM concentration and stand for 48 h and then performed the cell cycle analysis, and FACS (fluorescence activated cell sorter) was used to perform the study. To perform the DNA content analysis, the cells were cultured followed by suspension in 0.5 mL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at 4 °C temperature in an ice bath of 70% ethanol and cooled for 2 h. Then, the cells were rehydrated in PBS and then treated with RNase (10 mg/mL) for 30 min, and then the cells were incubated in the dark for 10 min in propidium iodide (10 μg/mL) solution. Cell analysis in a FACS analyzer was performed at 488 nm of excitation wavelength and 585 nm of emission wavelength. Ultimately, the percentage of cells existing in cell cycle was predicted by using Flow Jo (BD biosciences, Rockville, MD) software.

Molecular Docking Studies

The models were prepared by MOE software and predicted the molecular descriptor values. The three-dimensional protein structure of a human ribonucleotide reductase enzyme was granted from the PDB (Protein Data Bank) database52 and loaded onto the MOE tool and removed the water molecules and other heteroatoms and added the polar hydrogens. Then, the three-dimensional structure was protonated in the solvated environment at 300 K temperature and 7.0 pH and 0.1 salt concentration conditions and then applied the electrostatic potential to the system with 1.5 A° cutoff and 1 unit of dielectric constant values. The Lennard Jones form of van der Waals interactions includes the attractive form of energy at 8 A° of applied cutoff. After the protonation, its complete energy minimized structure was obtained at 0.05 A° of gradient cutoff in AMBER99 force field. Then, the molecular dynamics simulations studies were performed at 300 K temperature for a duration of 10 ps. The complete simulations were performed for 2000 ps duration with 0.001 of time step and 0.2 ps of temperature relaxation time. The significant parameters like velocity, position, and acceleration were recorded for every 0.5 ps. The three-dimensional energy minimized structures of the interacted ligands were constructed in the MOE working environment. MMFF94x force fields were encompassed, and the related potential energy terms were empowered for all the van der Waals interactions, electrostatic interactions, bonded interactions, and restraints with an 8–10 units of enabled cutoff value for the non-bonded interactions. The comprehensive born implicit salvation model was enabled by fixing the other parameters. During the calculation of the parameters, the force field partial charges were enabled and with 0.05 of fixed gradient during the minimization process. The molecular dynamics simulations were performed in the Nosé–Poincaré–Andersen (NPA) formulation algorithm. The initial fixed run time temperature (30 K) was increased to 300 K and 0 ps of heat and cool times.

ADMET Properties

The ADMET properties of compounds 4a-l like were calculated on the preADMET online server.53−56 In such, the in vitro Caco-2 cell permeability, percentage of human intestinal absorption (% HIA), in vitro Madin–Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cell permeability, in vivo blood–brain barrier (BBB) penetration, and in vitro plasma protein binding (PPB) properties were predicted and cognized the ADMET potentialities. Similarly, the toxicity properties like mutagenic, tumorigenic, reproductive, and irritant effects were also predicted. In such, the robust BBB penetrability property of a compound under study helps to decide its ability to be carried in an administered route into the bloodstream and to govern its CNS (central nervous system) activity as such the CNS active compounds have the BBB penetration rate greater than 0.40 and CNS inactive compounds have the BBB penetration rate less than 0.40. Similarly, the Caco-2 cell permeability helps in deciding the capability of Caco-2 cells associating with the intestinal epithelium system in the multiple drug transport pathways like transcellular, paracellular, and active efflux ones. Similarly, the in vitro Caco-2 cell permeability helps in deciding a compound’s permeability as the permeability value less than 4 indicates that the compounds are poorly permeable, permeability value in the range of 4–70 indicates the compounds are moderately permeable, and permeability value greater than 70 indicates the compounds are greatly permeable and hence decides its transportability in cellular and biochemical processes. Likewise, the extent of PPB reveals us the quantity of the unbound compound that is distributed in the body tissues. The percentage of PPB that is greater than 90 indicates the compounds as strongly bound, and the percentage of PPB that is less than 90 indicates the compounds as weakly bound to the tissues and hence denotes its efficacy. In addition, the in vitro MDCK permeability categorizes the compounds as poorly permeable if the permeability value is less than 25, and moderately permeable if the value is in the range of 25–500, and greatly permeable if the value is greater than 500 and hence decides their permeable potentiality. Similarly, the percentage of HIA designates the percentage of an orally administered compound in hepatic portal vein and is calculated from the ratio of cumulative excretion in bile, feces, and urine. Ultimately, it decides the analytes as poor absorbing if the value is less than 20, moderately absorbing if the value is in the range of 20–70, and worthy absorbing if the value is greater than 70 into the human intestine. Similarly, the toxicology study discloses that the negative toxicology of a molecule under examination designates it as prone to carcinogenicity and human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG) channel inhibition and mutagenicity and ultimately supports as a safer drug.

QSAR Studies

Drugs under investigation with agreeable ADMET properties will be extended for clinical studies for worthy oral bioavailability as understood from the assurance of their solubility and partitioning properties. It includes the authentication of Lipinski’s rule of five57 in ascertaining the molecule’s potentiality such as molecular weight (≤500 da), number of hydrogen bond acceptors (≤10), number of hydrogen bond donors (≤5), logP (≤5, partition coefficient in octanol/water), and molar refractivity (40–130) and hence predicted the Lipinski parameters for 4a–l. Furthermore, the Veber parameters like total polar surface area and number of rotatable bonds in addition to Lipinski’s rule are predicted online with Molinspiration,58 robust software that helps in computing significant molecular properties of organic compounds with structural sensitivity. The additional parameters like solubility, number of hydrophobic atoms, density, van der Waals volume, percentage of absorption, and calculated partition coefficient (octanol to water) have been predicted.59

Bioactivity and Toxicity Risk Studies

The QSAR descriptors were evaluated on Molinspiration engine v2018.10, and bioactivity properties were evaluated on Molinspiration engine v2018.03 on the Molinspiration online server.58 The GPCRL, ICM, KI, and NRL interactions, PI and EI properties, drug-likeness, and drug scores evaluated have evidenced them as safer drugs. Similarly, the drug properties and toxicity risks were predicted online by the Osiris property explorer.60 In consolidation, it assisted in assessing their physico-chemical interactions of 4a–l against the selected targets.

Acknowledgments

Mr. R.R.G. and Prof. S.R.C. thank Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), India for providing financial assistance through a research project grant f.no.: SB/S1/OC-96/2013, Dt: 05-11-2014. Author S.K.B. thanks University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi, India for RFSMS (Research Fellowship in Sciences for Meritorious Students) Fellowship (F.4-1/2011, BSR-RFSMS-BSK) under Basic Scientific Research (BSR) Scheme. Authors V.K.R.A. and G.V.Z. are thankful to Ural Federal University for support and acknowledge the financial support of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation (grant no.: 075-15-2020-777).

Supporting Information Available

The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.1c00360.

  • Detailed molecular docking interaction images and InChI codes of compounds 4a–l (PDF)

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Supplementary Material

ao1c00360_si_001.pdf (3MB, pdf)

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