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. 2021 May 15;9(5):553. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9050553

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Pre- and postoperative serum biomarker profiling in cardiac and non-cardiac surgery patients. Serum was sampled prior to and following surgery from a mixed cohort of consecutively recruited elective non-cardiac as well as cardiac surgery patients. Biomarker profiling was performed using multiplex array technique. Development of postoperative delirium (POD) was assessed. (A) Prevalence of POD was significantly increased in cardiac surgery patients, as compared to non-cardiac surgery (18 out of 37 (49%) vs. 15 out of 81 patients (19%)). Fisher’s exact test. *** p < 0.005. (B) In cardiac surgery patients, CCL2 (CC-chemokine Ligand 2) showed a significant difference in postoperative absolute as well as fold-change increase, irrespective of POD development, as compared to the non-cardiac surgery patients. non-cardiac: n = 81, cardiac: n = 37. (C) In cardiac surgery patients, postoperative SDC1 (Syndecan-1) serum levels were significantly increased in patients that subsequently developed POD, as compared to the no-POD cardiac surgery patients. no POD: n = 19, POD: n = 18. (B,C) Data are given as median values (black dashed line) with 25th and 75th percentile (white dashed lines) and were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. ns = not significant, * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.005.