Table 10.

Effect of matcha or caffeine intake on dementia-related blood biomarkers.

			−4 Weeks (1)	12 Weeks (2)	Change from Baseline (3)	p-Values (KW Test)
		n	(Baseline)			(1)	(2)	(3)
Plasma Aβ (1–40; pg/mL)	Placebo	11	251 ± 56	353 ± 369	102 ± 385	0.26	0.96	0.56
	Caffeine	13	275 ± 109	263 ± 66	−11.9 ± 77
	Matcha	9	415 ± 392	255 ± 59	−161 ± 410
Plasma Aβ (1–42; pg/mL)	Placebo	11	16.2 ± 18	35.3 ± 58	19.1 ± 54	0.64	0.046	0.35
	Caffeine	13	13.3 ± 10	35.6 ± 69	22.3 ± 71
	Matcha	9	17.5 ± 20	10.6 ± 4.4	−6.94 ± 22
Aβ (1–42)/Aβ (1–40)	Placebo	11	0.066 ± 0.06	0.085 ± 0.09	0.019 ± 0.05	0.69	0.12	0.36
	Caffeine	13	0.054 ± 0.04	0.128 ± 0.22	0.074 ± 0.23
	Matcha	9	0.040 ± 0.01	0.042 ± 0.02	0.002 ± 0.02
Plasma sAPPα (ng/mL)	Placebo	16	6.51 ± 1.5	9.21 ± 3.3 ##	2.70 ± 3.1	0.82	0.16	0.16
	Caffeine	17	6.16 ± 1.7	9.83 ± 5.8 ##	3.67 ± 5.4
	Matcha	17	6.28 ± 2.1	7.08 ± 2.1 ##	0.80 ± 1.8
Plasma APP770 (ng/mL)	Placebo	17	27.7 ± 11	29.1 ± 15	1.49 ± 12	0.52	0.21	0.13
	Caffeine	17	33.1 ± 15	33.5 ± 27	0.38 ± 19
	Matcha	17	28.8 ± 11	20.9 ± 5.7 ##	−7.93 ± 10
Serum BDNF (ng/mL)	Placebo	17	39.0 ± 13	30.6 ± 9.1 ##	−8.40 ± 6.1	0.89	0.99	0.78
	Caffeine	17	41.0 ± 13	31.1 ± 11 ##	−10.0 ± 5.7
	Matcha	17	38.3 ± 11	29.5 ± 7.4 ##	−8.87 ± 5.6

Values are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. Group (inter) analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test (KW). (1) (2) (3) The numbers in brackets at −4 weeks and 12 weeks corresponded to the numbers listed in the p-value for the KW test. Time (intra) was analyzed using Dunnett’s test (T3) for intra-group comparisons, using the baseline condition as the reference (baseline vs. 0 W and baseline vs. 12 W); ## p < 0.01. Abbreviations: Aβ, amyloid β; sAPPα, secreted form of amyloid precursor protein α; APP, amyloid precursor protein; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; KW, Kruskal–Wallis test.