Table 7.
Quantification of phenolic compounds from orange peel dry and fresh by HPLC-MS (expressed as mean ± standard deviation µg/g d.w.).
| Compounds | Fresh By-Product (µg/g d.w.) | Dry By-Product (µg/g d.w.) |
|---|---|---|
| Sum of phenolic compounds | 6344.0 ± 3.6 | 4737.6 ± 4.4 |
| Phenolic Acids | 3087.5 ± 0.2 | 2891.1 ± 2.4 |
| Norbergenin | 383.5 ± 0.5 | 340.4 ±0.7 |
| Caffeoylglycolic acid methyl ester isomer a | 201.8 ± 0.1 | 284.2 ± 0.7 |
| Caffeoylglycolic acid methyl ester isomer b | 133.36 ± 0.04 | 178.2 ± 0.1 |
| Caffeic acid 3-O-glucuronide | 218.9 ± 0.3 | 128.6 ± 0.7 |
| Caffeoylmalic Acid isomer a | 127.9 ± 0.6 | 99.5 ± 0.4 |
| Caffeoylmalic Acid isomer b | 109.5 ± 0.1 | 77.6 ± 0.1 |
| 2-(E)-O-Feruloyl-D-galactaric acid isomer a | 378.8 ± 0.5 | 463.0 ± 0.04 |
| 2-(E)-O-Feruloyl-D-galactaric acid isomer b | 575.6 ± 0.3 | 416.3 ± 0.4 |
| 2-(E)-O-Feruloyl-D-galactaric acid isomer c | 313.2 ± 0.2 | 564.0 ± 0.9 |
| Ferulic acid O-glucoside | 235.3 ± 0.7 | 48.73 ± 0.1 |
| Feruloyl Isocitric acid isomer a | 195.2 ± 0.7 | 170.66 ± 0.4 |
| Feruloyl isocitric acid isomer b | 16.9 ± 0.03 | 11.2 ± 0.2 |
| Sinapic acid O-glucoside | 183.5 ± 0.4 | 14.9 ± 0.1 |
| Sinapinic acid-O-glucuronide | 14.0 ± 0.5 | 93.7 ± 0.1 |
| Flavonoids | 3256.5 ± 3.4 | 1846.5 ± 2.0 |
| Cynaroside A | 13.1 ± 0.3 | 6.1 ± 0.1 |
| Rutin isomer a | 57.8 ± 0.3 | 73.6 ± 0.1 |
| Rutin isomer b | 22.0 ± 0.1 | 49.8 ± 0.05 |
| Prunin | 122.5 ± 0.4 | 35.4 ± 0.01 |
| Quercitrin | 1.2 ± 0.2 | <LOQ |
| Eriocitrin | 24.6 ± 0.1 | 17.5 ± 0.4 |
| Narirutin | 799.4 ± 0.5 | 319.6 ± 0.4 |
| Hesperidin | 894.8 ± 0.5 | 320.2 ± 0.5 |
| α-glucosyl Hesperidin | 23.8 ± 0.1 | 19.0 ± 0.1 |
| Neohesperidin | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| Didymin | 146.3 ± 0.2 | 72.8 ± 0.2 |
| Naringin 6″-malonate | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| Naringin hydrate | 35.1 ± 0.2 | 51.7 ± 0.2 |
| Dihydroisorhamnetin 7-rutinoside | 8.4 ± 0.2 | 10.1 ± 0.06 |
| Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside isomer a | 135.4 ± 0.6 | 116.6 ± 0.3 |
| Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside isomer b | 10.6 ± 0.1 | 8.0 ± 0.0005 |
| Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside isomer c | 54.6 ± 0.1 | 48.9 ± 0.002 |
| Vitexin-O-pentoside isomer a | 72.2 ± 0.5 | 68.61 ± 0.27 |
| Vitexin-O-pentoside isomer b | 111.5 ± 0.01 | 94.6 ± 0.2 |
| Apigenin 7-O-neohesperidoside | 14.8 ± 0.1 | 9.2 ± 0.5 |
| Apigenin-di-C-hexoside (Vicenin-2) isomer a | 570.7 ± 0.9 | 318.3 ± 0.4 |
| Apigenin-di-C-hexoside (Vicenin-2) isomer b | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| Apigenin-di-C-hexoside (Vicenin-2) isomer c | 7.7 ± 0.2 | 13.7 ± 0.1 |
| Apigenin-di-C-hexoside (Vicenin-2) isomer d | 22.3 ± 0.1 | 16.3 ± 0.1 |
| Apigenin-di-C-hexoside (Vicenin-2) isomer e | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| Luteolin-C-hexoside-C-pentoside isomer a | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.01 |
| Luteolin-C-hexoside-C-pentoside isomer b | 3.8 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.02 |
| Kaempferol 3-[2″-glucosyl-6″-acetyl-galactoside] 7-glucoside isomer a | 24.6 ± 0.3 | 16.0 ± 0.004 |
| Kaempferol 3-[2″-glucosyl-6″-acetyl-galactoside] 7-glucoside isomer b | 16.9 ± 0.7 | 12.3 ± 0.04 |
| Kaempferol-dihexosyl acetate | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| Kaempferol 3-O-(6″-O-acetyl) glucoside-7-O-rhamnoside | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| Kaempferol 3-apiosyl-(1->4)-rhamnoside-7-rhamnoside | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| kaempferol 3-O-[3″,6″-di-O-(E)-cinnamoyl]-β-d-glucopyranoside | 0.7 ± 0.06 | 0.3 ± 0.002 |
| Kaempferol 3-O-sinapoyl-caffeoyl-sophoroside 7-O-glucoside isomer a | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| Kaempferol 3-O-sinapoyl-caffeoyl-sophoroside 7-O-glucoside isomer b | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| Kaempferol 3-O-feruloyl-caffeoyl-sophoroside 7-O-glucoside isomer c | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| Quercetin-O-dihexoside | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside-7-O-Glucoside | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| Demethylnobiletin | n.d. | <LOQ |
| 3′,4′-Didemethylnobiletin | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| Naringenin | 11.5 ± 0.02 | 9.4 ± 0.009 |
| Pectolinarigenin | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| Isosakuranetin | n.d. | <LOQ |
| Unknown flavonoid | 60.3 ± 0.1 | 125.8 ± 0.5 |
n.d.: non-detected; LOQ: Limit of quantification.