Table 4.
Changes in nutritional status and cognitive performance, adjusted with covariates b.
| Body Weight | Height | BAZ | Cognitive Performance | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted Beta (β) | 95% CI | p-Value | Adjusted Beta (β) | 95% CI | p-Value | Adjusted Beta (β) | 95% CI | p-Value | Adjusted Beta (β) | 95% CI | p-Value | |
| Intercept (SE) | 32.45 (0.97) | 135.29 (0.87) | −0.26 (0.19) | 87.35 (1.49) | ||||||||
| Time | ||||||||||||
| Pre-Intervention | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Post-I c | 1.59 | 1.34, 1.83 | <0.001 * | 2.13 | 1.96, 2.31 | <0.001 * | 0.08 | 0.02, 0.14 | 0.011 * | 9.67 | 7.97, 11.37 | <0.001 * |
| Post-II d | 3.00 | 2.76, 3.23 | <0.001 * | 3.55 | 3.29, 3.81 | <0.001 * | 0.19 | 0.13, 0.25 | <0.001 * | 13.71 | 11.79, 15.63 | <0.001 * |
| Group | ||||||||||||
| Comparison | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Intervention | −0.10 | −1.89, 1.70 | 0.916 | 0.07 | −1.37, 1.50 | 0.926 | −0.16 | −0.48, 0.16 | 0.337 | 1.60 | −1.15, 4.35 | 0.253 |
| Interaction between time and group | ||||||||||||
| Pre x Comparison | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Post-I x Intervention | −0.19 | −0.57, 0.19 | 0.333 | −0.05 | −0.34, 0.23 | 0.706 | −0.08 | −0.17, 0.02 | 0.108 | 3.98 | 1.28, 6.69 | 0.004 * |
| Post-II x Intervention | −0.47 | −0.85, −0.09 | 0.016 * | 0.27 | −0.14, 0.68 | 0.202 | −0.20 | −0.30, −0.11 | <0.001 * | 4.35 | 1.29, 7.41 | 0.005 * |
| Children’s age | ||||||||||||
| Level 2 (10–11 years) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Level 1 (7–9 years) | −6.37 | −7.89, −4.85 | <0.001 * | −12.08 | −13.52, −10.63 | <0.001 * | 0.21 | −0.10, 0.53 | 0.182 | 1.45 | −0.91, 3.81 | 0.229 |
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Girls | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Boys | 1.96 | 0.50, 3.42 | 0.009 * | −0.15 | −1.53, 1.24 | 0.834 | 0.49 | 0.18, 0.79 | 0.002 * | 1.13 | −1.14, 3.39 | 0.330 |
| Father’s Education Level | ||||||||||||
| Secondary | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Tertiary | −0.90 | −3.53, 1.73 | 0.500 | 0.70 | −1.80, 3.19 | 0.584 | −0.38 | −0.92, 0.16 | 0.172 | 2.20 | −1.89, 6.29 | 0.292 |
| Primary or below | 1.96 | −0.56, 4.48 | 0.127 | 1.49 | −0.91, 3.89 | 0.223 | 0.18 | −0.34, 0.70 | 0.507 | −3.81 | −7.74, 0.11 | 0.057 |
| Mother’s Education Level | ||||||||||||
| Secondary | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Tertiary | 2.00 | −0.46, 4.47 | 0.111 | 1.56 | −0.78, 3.90 | 0.192 | 0.41 | −0.10, 0.92 | 0.113 | 0.80 | −3.04, 4.63 | 0.683 |
| Primary or below | −0.05 | −2.46, 2.37 | 0.970 | −0.36 | −2.66, 1.93 | 0.755 | 0.17 | −0.33, 0.66 | 0.515 | −2.39 | −6.15, 1.36 | 0.211 |
| School Type | ||||||||||||
| SK | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| SJKC | 1.57 | −0.15, 3.28 | 0.073 | 4.07 | 2.44, 5.70 | <0.001 * | 0.04 | −0.31, 0.40 | 0.811 | 5.94 | 3.27, 8.61 | <0.001 * |
| SJKT | −2.96 | −4.94, −0.99 | 0.003 * | 2.70 | 0.82, 4.58 | 0.005 * | −0.14 | −0.55, −0.27 | 0.507 | −8.00 | −11.08, −4.93 | <0.001 * |
b Covariates included children’s age, sex, parental education levels, and school type. c Post-I = Post-Intervention. d Post-II = 3-month follow-up. * Statistical significance was determined at p < 0.05.