Abstract
Background: Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) has the highest cancer incidence in Korea. It is known that some thyroid cancers have aggressive clinical behavior and a poor prognosis. Genomic studies have described some somatic mutations that are related to the aggressive features of thyroid cancer, such as the BRAFV600E mutation. Recently, TERT promoter mutations were identified and reported as poor prognostic factors in PTC. Our aim was to identify the frequency and clinical impact of TERT promoter mutation in PTC. Methods: Analysis of both BRAFV600E and TERT promoter mutations in thyroidectomy specimens began in February 2019. As of December 2020, 622 patients had been tested. Data were prospectively collected and retrospectively reviewed to ascertain clinical and pathologic variables. Results: TERT promoter mutations were identified in 13 patients (2.09%); 12 had the C228T mutation, and one had the C216T mutation. In total, ten patients had the BRAFV600E mutation. TERT promoter mutation was significantly associated with advanced age (46.795 ± 12.616 versus 65.692 ± 13.628 years, p < 0.001), large tumor size (1.006 ± 0.829 versus 2.285 ± 1.938 cm, p = 0.035), extrathyroidal extension, surgical margin involvement, angioinvasion, BRAFV600E mutation and advanced TNM stage, a higher MACIS score and a high proportion of radioactive iodine therapy application. Logistic regression showed that lymphatic and angioinvasion and BRAFV600E mutation were predictive of TERT promoter mutation. Conclusions: Our study is the first to report the prospective results of TERT promoter mutations at a single tertiary hospital in Incheon, Korea. PTC with TERT promoter mutation was associated with more aggressive behavior than PTC with wild-type TERT gene status.
Keywords: PTC, telomere, TERT promoter mutation, BRAFV600E mutation
1. Introduction
Thyroid cancer (TC) is one of the most prevalent cancers in Korea and frequently occurs in adolescents and young adults between 15 and 34 years of age [1]. According to the 2019 national statistics, 52,070 new TC patients and 2170 deaths were expected to occur in the United States, and 11,667 new patients and 340 deaths were expected to occur in the Republic of Korea [1,2]. Thyroid cancers are classified as differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) including papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC); poorly differentiated carcinoma (PDTC) and anaplastic carcinoma (AC); medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC); and lymphoma. Among them, differentiated cancer is reported to account for 98.3% of all thyroid cancers, and 79.3% are papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) [3]. Treatment principle of thyroid cancer is the surgical resection of thyroid gland with regional lymph node dissection, and optional radioactive iodine therapy.
Patients with undifferentiated thyroid cancer have been reported to have a poor prognosis, including those with poorly differentiated thyroid cancer (PDTC) and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) [3]. However, some patients with DTC also have a poor prognosis [4]. Known prognosis-related factors in PTC are large tumor size, extrathyroidal extension, and lymph node metastasis based on the AJCC staging system [5]. Genomic studies have demonstrated the clinical association of the BRAFV600E mutation with poor prognostic factors in PTC [6]. However, a recent study showed that the prevalence of BRAF mutation is very high, above 80% in Korea, and the clinical significance of BRAFV600E mutation has faded for most PTCs [7,8].
Recently, it has been shown that promoter mutations in telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene are associated with a poor prognosis in thyroid cancer, especially with concurrent BRAFV600E mutation [9]. TERT is the catalytic protein subunit of telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein complex that plays a key role in cellular immortality by maintaining telomere length at the end of chromosomes [10]. In cancer cells, the TERT gene may act as an oncogene by promoting cell immortality via the telomere-independent proliferation of cancer cells [11]. In TC, three major TERT promoter mutations have been reported, namely, chr5:1, 295 228 C > T(C228T) and chr5:1, 295 250 C > T(C250T), which represent nucleotide changes of −124 C > T and −146 C > T from the ATG translation start codon in the promoter site of the TERT gene [12]. Since 2019, our center has started the TERT promoter mutation test in surgically resected thyroid cancer tissue. Our aim was, therefore, to evaluate the frequency of TERT promoter mutations of PTC and its clinical meaning in Korean PTC patients at a single institution.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patient Data
From February 2019 to December 2020, we analyzed 622 thyroid cancer patients who were tested and reported the full result for the BRAFV600E and TERT promoter mutations in their surgically resected thyroid cancer tissue at Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Korea. The clinical significance and estimated cost of the BRAF and TERT promoter mutation tests were sufficiently explained to the patients, and the tests were performed only in the patients who agreed to the tests. BRAFV600E and TERT promoter mutation tests were only performed for patients with histologically confirmed PTC; for patients with other cancer types, such as follicular thyroid cancer and medullary thyroid cancer, the BRAF and TERT mutation test was not performed.
All surgeries were performed by a single endocrine surgeon (JW Yi). Data were prospectively collected and retrospectively reviewed to ascertain clinical and pathologic variables. According to the TERT promoter mutation status, we divided the patients into two groups: TERT wild-type and TERT promoter mutation. Clinical variables included patient age at diagnosis, sex, preoperative fine needle aspiration cytology (Bethesda category), tumor location, extent of thyroidectomy and lymph node dissection, surgical approach, conventional open and endoscopic/robotic approach, operation time and estimated blood loss during surgery. Variables associated with radioactive iodine therapy (RAI) were serum unstimulated thyroglobulin (Tg) at 3 months postoperatively (ng/mL), RAI dose (mCi), stimulated thyroid stimulation hormone (TSH) level before the RAI (µIU/mL) and TSH-stimulated Tg level (ng/mL).
Pathologic variables included the histologic subtypes for PTC, largest tumor diameter, tumor multiplicity, extrathyroidal extension either microscopically or grossly, surgical margin status, and lymphatic and angioinvasion. Staging of T, N, and overall stage was estimated according to the AJCC 8th edition of differentiated thyroid cancer [13]. The MACIS score was calculated by two independent surgeons as previously reported [14].
2.2. Mutation Test for the BRAF V600E and TERT Promoter Mutation
The BRAFV600E mutation test was performed by the Department of Pathology in our hospital. Genomic DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue using the QIAamp DSP DNA FFPE Tissue Kit (QUIGEN®, Hilden, Germany). Our hospital used the PNAClampTM BRAF Mutation Detection Kit (PANAGENE Inc., Daejeon, Korea) for the BRAFV600E mutation test.
TERT promoter mutation testing was performed in the Department of Pathology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, Korea. Amplification of TERT promoter was done by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Initially, 235-bp PCR amplicon was amplified using forward 5′-AGTGGATTCGCGGGCACAGA-3′ and reverse 5′-CAGCGCTGCCTGAAACTC-3′ primers. Second, 163-bp PCR amplicon was amplified using forward 5′-GTCCTGCCCCTTCACCTT-3′ and reverse 5′-CAGCGCTGCCTGAAACTC-3′ primers. Bidirectional Sanger sequencing in both directions was done using primers that used in the second PCR [7].
2.3. Statistical Analysis and Ethics
For the statistical analysis, we used R programming language version 3.6.1 [15]. Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test was applied to the cross-table analysis according to sample size. For the mean comparison, unpaired t-test was used. To identify the variables associated with TERT promoter mutation status, logistic regression with the backward selection method was applied. Statistical significance was defined as a p-value under 0.05.
Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the institutional review board of our hospital (IRB number: 2021-03-037 (Approval date: 29 March 2021)).
3. Results
TERT promotor mutation was detected in 13 (2.09%) of the 622 patients. Table 1 presents the details of patients who had TERT promoter mutations. The C228T mutation was detected in 12 patients, and the C216T mutation was detected in one patient. BRAFV600E mutation was detected in 11 patients. The mean age of the patients was 65.692 ± 13.628 years, and 12 were female. Fine needle aspiration cytology for 12 patients revealed suspicious malignant and malignant disease, but one patient had benign disease. Twelve patients underwent total thyroidectomy with central node lymph node dissection. Modified radical neck dissection (MRND) was performed in three patients. The PTC subtypes were as follows: 9 classic PTCs, 2 tall cell variants, and one solid and follicular variant. Specifically, one patient (patient 7) showed lateral neck node recurrence within 1 year, and the same TERT C228T mutation was found in the metastatic lymph nodes. Patient 10 was considered to have a benign nodule 7.7 cm before the surgery, but follicular variant PTC was diagnosed.
Table 1.
Clinical and pathologic variables of the patients with TERT promoter mutation.
| Patient Number | Age | Sex | Bethesda Category | Thyroidectomy | Node Dissection | Variant | Tumor Size (cm) | Extrathyroidal Extension | Lymphatic Invasion | Vascular Invasion | BRAF V600E Mutation | TERT Promoter Mutation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 61 | Female | Malignant (VI) | Total | CND | Classic | 1.1 | Strap muscle | Absent | Absent | Present | C228T |
| 2 | 48 | Male | Malignant (VI) | Total | CND | Classic | 0.5 | Absent | Indeterminate | Indeterminate | Present | C228T |
| 3 | 69 | Female | Malignant (VI) | Total | CND | Classic | 0.6 | Absent | Absent | Absent | Present | C216T |
| 4 | 63 | Female | Malignant (VI) | Total | CND | Solid | 2.5 | Strap muscle | Indeterminate | Present | None | C228T |
| 5 | 65 | Female | Malignant (VI) | Total | CND | Classic | 0.6 | Absent | Absent | Absent | Present | C228T |
| 6 | 78 | Female | Malignant (VI) | Total | CND | Classic | 3.5 | Trachea, esophagus |
Present | Absent | Present | C228T |
| 7 | 68 | Female | Malignant (VI) | Total | MRND | Classic | 2.5 | Strap muscle | Present | Absent | Present | C228T |
| 8 | 34 | Female | Malignant (VI) | Total | MRND | Classic | 1.6 | Absent | Present | Present | Present | C228T |
| 9 | 70 | Female | Suspicious malignant (V) |
Total | MRND | Tall cell | 3.5 | Trachea | Present | Present | Present | C228T |
| 10 | 89 | Female | Benign (II) | Lobectomy | None | Follicular | 7.7 | Absent | Absent | Absent | None | C228T |
| 11 | 78 | Female | Malignant (VI) | Total | CND | Tall cell | 2.2 | Strap muscle | Absent | Absent | Present | C228T |
| 12 | 65 | Female | Malignant (VI) | Total | CND | Classic | 2.5 | Trachea | Present | Absent | Present | C228T |
| 13 | 66 | Female | Malignant (VI) | Total | CND | Classic | 0.9 | Trachea | Absent | Absent | Present | C228T |
Table 2 describes the clinical and pathologic characteristics according to TERT promoter mutation status. Compared to the wild-type TERT promoter group, the TERT promoter mutation group was significantly older in age (65.692 ± 13.628 versus 46.795 ± 12.616, p < 0.001), with eleven patients over 55 years of age. Regarding the surgical aspects, total thyroidectomy was preferred, and the frequency of MRND was significantly higher in the TERT promoter mutation group. Histologically, the variant type of PTC was more common in the TERT promoter mutation group. The tumor size was larger (1.006 ± 0.829 versus 2.285 ± 1.938, p = 0.035), and extrathyroidal extension, resection margin involvement and angioinvasion were significantly higher in the TERT promoter mutation group, and the T, N, and overall stage of these patients were more advanced. The MACIS score was also higher in the TERT promoter mutation group. Radioactive iodine therapy was also performed at a significantly higher frequency in the TERT promoter mutation group. Sex, preoperative fine needle aspiration cytology, tumor location, surgical approach, surgery time, blood loss and lymphatic invasion were not significantly different between the two groups.
Table 2.
Clinical and pathologic characteristics of the patients according to TERT promoter mutation status.
| Variables | All (n = 622) |
Wild Type TERT
(n = 609) |
TERT Promoter Mutation (n = 13) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years, mean ± sd) | 47.190 ± 12.912 | 46.795 ± 12.616 | 65.692 ± 13.628 | <0.001 |
| <55 | 438 | 436 | 2 | <0.001 |
| ≥55 | 184 | 173 | 11 | |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 132 | 131 | 1 | 0.319 |
| Female | 490 | 478 | 12 | |
| Bethesda category | ||||
| I | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0.869 |
| II | 23 | 22 | 1 | |
| III | 30 | 30 | 0 | |
| IV | 14 | 14 | 0 | |
| V | 123 | 121 | 2 | |
| VI | 428 | 418 | 10 | |
| Tumor location | ||||
| Right | 94 | 266 | 5 | 0.821 |
| Left | 13 | 239 | 5 | |
| Isthmus | 244 | 13 | 0 | |
| Bilateral | 271 | 91 | 3 | |
| Thyroidectomy | ||||
| Lobectomy, isthmectomy | 251 | 250 | 1 | 0.019 |
| Total, completion | 371 | 359 | 12 | |
| Lymph node dissection | ||||
| Less than central | 574 | 569 | 9 | 0.013 |
| Lateral node dissection | 48 | 44 | 4 | |
| Surgical approach | ||||
| Open | 260 | 252 | 8 | 0.163 |
| Endoscopic, robotic | 362 | 357 | 5 | |
| Operation time (minutes, mean ± sd) | 125.660 ± 49.471 | 125.218 ± 49.043 | 146.154 ± 65.770 | 0.276 |
| Blood loss (ml, mean ± sd) | 51.892 ± 73.573 | 51.900 ± 73.371 | 51.538 ± 85.814 | 0.988 |
| Histologic subtypes | ||||
| PTC (Classic type) | 583 | 574 | 9 | 0.006 |
| Variant | 39 | 35 | 4 | |
| Tumor size (cm, mean ± sd) | 1.033 ± 0.883 | 1.006 ± 0.829 | 2.285 ± 1.938 | 0.035 |
| ≤1 cm | 415 | 411 | 4 | 0.013 |
| >1 cm | 207 | 198 | 9 | |
| Multiplicity | ||||
| Single | 372 | 366 | 6 | 0.393 |
| Multiple | 250 | 243 | 7 | |
| Extrathyroidal extension | ||||
| Absent | 456 | 451 | 5 | 0.008 |
| Present | 166 | 158 | 8 | |
| Surgical margin | ||||
| Negative | 552 | 545 | 7 | 0.001 |
| Positive | 70 | 64 | 6 | |
| Lymphatic invasion | ||||
| Absent | 426 | 420 | 6 | 0.195 |
| Indeterminate | 68 | 66 | 2 | |
| Present | 128 | 123 | 5 | |
| Angioinvasion | ||||
| Absent | 547 | 538 | 9 | <0.001 |
| Indeterminate | 63 | 62 | 1 | |
| Present | 12 | 9 | 3 | |
| BRAFV600E mutation | ||||
| Negative | 108 | 106 | 2 | <0.001 |
| Positive | 514 | 503 | 11 | |
| T stage | ||||
| T1 | 499 | 495 | 4 | <0.001 |
| T2 | 26 | 26 | 0 | |
| T3 | 66 | 61 | 5 | |
| T4 | 31 | 27 | 4 | |
| N stage | ||||
| N0, Nx | 362 | 354 | 8 | 0.003 |
| N1a | 212 | 211 | 1 | |
| N1b | 48 | 44 | 4 | |
| Overall stage | ||||
| I | 544 | 540 | 4 | <0.001 |
| II | 62 | 57 | 5 | |
| III | 16 | 12 | 4 | |
| IV | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| MACIS score | ||||
| <6 | 557 | 555 | 4 | <0.001 |
| 6–6.69 | 57 | 52 | 5 | |
| ≥7 | 6 | 2 | 4 | |
| Radioactive iodine therapy | ||||
| No | 394 | 391 | 3 | 0.006 |
| Yes | 228 | 218 | 10 |
Table 3 shows the variables according to radioactive iodine therapy. Compared to the wild-type TERT promoter group, the TERT promoter mutation group showed a higher postoperative 3-month thyroglobulin (Tg) level (0.593 ± 2.578 versus 46.528 ± 158.241, p = 0.336), and the proportion of Tg levels ≥1 was significantly higher. The stimulated Tg level before the initial RAI was also higher in the TERT promoter mutation group (8.961 ± 52.728 versus 54.594 ± 145.762, p = 0.349). Although the proportion of stimulated Tg levels ≥1 was higher in the TERT promoter mutation group, this difference did not reach statistical significance.
Table 3.
Radioactive iodine therapy-related variables (n = 228).
| Variables | Wild Type TERT (n = 218) | TERT Promoter Mutation (n = 10) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Postoperative 3 months Tg * (mean ± SD, ng/mL) | 0.593 ± 2.578 | 46.528 ± 158.241 | 0.336 |
| <1 (Number of patients) | 197 | 6 | 0.015 |
| ≥1 (Number of patients) | 21 | 4 | |
| 1st RAI † dose (mean ± SD, mCi) | 91.972 ± 37.518 | 98.000 ± 43.919 | 0.678 |
| TSH level before RAI (mean ± SD, µIU/mL) | 126.322 ± 46.325 | 158.982 ± 77.127 | 0.216 |
| Stimulated Tg level before RAI (mean ± SD, ng/mL) | 8.961 ± 52.728 | 54.594 ± 145.762 | 0.349 |
| <1 (Number of patients) | 114 | 3 | 0.206 |
| ≥1 (Number of patients) | 104 | 7 |
* Tg thyroglobulin. † radioactive iodine therapy.
Factors associated with TERT promotor mutation by logistic regression analysis are presented in Table 4. In the univariable analysis, age over 55, variant-type PTC, tumor size over 1 cm, the presence of extrathyroidal extension (either microscopic or gross), surgical margin involvement, angioinvasion, T3, T4 stage, Nb stage, overall disease Stages II and III, and a higher MACIS risk score were significantly associated with TERT promoter mutation. In the multivariable analysis, age over 55 years, lymphatic invasion, angioinvasion and BRAFV600E mutation were considered reliable variables for TERT promoter mutation status.
Table 4.
Logistic regression analysis according to TERT promoter mutation status.
| Variables (Reference) | Univariable | Multivariable | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio | p Value | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p Value | ||
| Age (<55 years) | ≥55 years | 13.861 | 0.001 | 18.673 | 0.03 |
| Sex (Male) | Female | 3.289 | 0.255 | ||
| Pathologic subtype (Classic) | Variant | 7.289 | 0.001 | ||
| Multiplicity (Single) | Multiple | 1.757 | 0.316 | ||
| Tumor size (≤1 cm) | >1 cm | 4.67 | 0.011 | ||
| Extrathyroidal extension (Absent) | Present | 4.567 | 0.009 | ||
| Margin (Negative) | Positive | 7.299 | 0.001 | ||
| Lymphatic invasion (Absent) | Indeterminate | 2.121 | 0.363 | 204.417 | 0.034 |
| Present | 2.846 | 0.089 | 1.773 | 0.573 | |
| Angioinvasion (Absent) | Indeterminate | 0.964 | 0.973 | 0.060 | 0.276 |
| Present | 19.926 | <0.001 | 124.638 | 0.004 | |
| BRAF (Wild type) | V600E mutation | 1.159 | 0.849 | 1030.344 | 0.022 |
| T stage (T1) | T2 | 0 | 0.991 | ||
| T3 | 10.143 | 0.001 | |||
| T4 | 18.333 | <0.001 | |||
| N stage (N0, Nx) | N1a | 0.21 | 0.142 | 0.000 | 0.991 |
| N1b | 4.023 | 0.028 | 5.582 | 0.117 | |
| AJCC stage (I) | II | 11.842 | <0.001 | ||
| III | 45 | <0.001 | |||
| MACIS risk score (<6) | 6–6.69 | 13.341 | <0.001 | 8.309 | 0.324 |
| ≥7 | 277.5 | <0.001 | 0.99 | ||
Logistic regression model with backward selection.
4. Discussion
Although most TC have a good prognosis, some TC exhibit unusually aggressive behavior and are associated with a poor prognosis. To distinguish more aggressive from less aggressive thyroid cancer, several biomarkers have been widely studied. When the BRAFV600E mutation was first being studied, it was reported as a predictor of clinical aggressiveness and poor prognosis in thyroid cancer [16]. Over time, the detection rate of BRAFV600E mutation in papillary thyroid cancer has been very high, up to 74% to 80% in previous literature [17,18]. In our study, the prevalence of BRAFV600E mutation in PTC was 82.6%. As such, the current BRAFV600E mutation is being used to increase the diagnostic sensitivity of fine aspiration cytology or needle biopsy specimens rather than as a prognostic factor [19].
Teloermase is an enzyme necessary to preserve telomere maintenance. Cancer cells produce telomerase and preserve the length of the teletomere to prevent apoptosis of cancer cells and allow unlimited proliferation of cells. In thyroid cancer cells, driver mutation of the BRAF gene activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, which induces overexpression of the E-twenty-six (ETS) transcription factor. ETS can bind to TERT promoter mutation sites such as C228T or C250T, which increases exonic TERT gene overexpression. Overexpression of the TERT gene then increases tumor cell telomere stability and is linked to cell overdevelopment and malignant transformation. These molecular consequences contribute to cancer cell immortality, which is thought to be associated with the aggressive behavior and poor survival of PTC [20,21].
Several studies have reported the clinical significance of TERT promoter mutation. In the meta-analysis conducted by Moon et al., 8.3% of patients exhibited concurrent BRAFV600E and TERT promoter mutations, which showed an association with advanced stage, extrathyroidal extension, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, increased risk of recurrence and worse survival [9]. In another study reported by Vuong et al., the rate of TERT promoter mutation with BRAFV600E mutation was 5.8% and has been associated with aggressive behaviors of cancer, such as advanced T stage and overall stage, extrathyroidal extension, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis and increased recurrence [22]. According to the results of previous studies, although the incidence of TERT promoter mutation is reported to be low, it may be worthwhile to test TERT promoter mutation in thyroid cancer patients because they are associated with a poor clinical prognosis.
In South Korea, the TERT promoter mutation test in surgically removed TC tissue was approved by the Ministry of Health and Welfare and implemented in December 2018. Since then, many hospitals in Korea have begun performing TERT promoter mutation tests for thyroid cancer patients. In 2020, Kim et al. was the first to report 1-year TERT promoter mutation test results in thyroid cancer patients [7]. In this study, the detection rate of TERT promoter mutation was 2.8% (20/724); C228T mutation was found in 1.9% (14/724), and C250T mutation was identified in 0.3% (2/724). A novel C216T mutation was identified in 0.6% (4/724). The incidence of TERT promoter mutation in their cohort was lower than that in previous studies (5.8% to 8.3%, respectively) [9,22]. TERT promoter mutation was associated with older age, large tumor size, extrathyroidal extension, advanced T and N stage, and higher recurrence rates according to the American Thyroid Association recurrence risk estimator.
Our hospital started testing for TERT promoter mutation in PTC in February 2019. Due to the high cost of each gene mutation test, approximately 150 USD, BRAF and TERT mutation tests were performed only for patients who agreed to the test prior to surgery. The benefit and cost of the BRAF gene and TERT gene mutation tests were fully explained to the patient. According to our results, the incidence of TERT promoter mutation was 2.1% (13 of 622), in which 12 patients carried the C228T mutation and one patient carried the C216T mutation. C250T mutation was not identified in our cohort. The incidence of TERT promotor mutation in Korean cohort was about 2%, which is less frequent than previous studies about 10% of TERT promotor mutation [23]. This is probably caused by racial differences but further research is needed.
In our analysis, the presence of TERT promoter mutation was associated with older age, total thyroidectomy, lateral lymph node metastasis, variant-type PTC, large tumor size, the presence of extrathyroidal extension, positive surgical margin involvement, blood vessel invasion, BRAFV600E mutation, advanced T and N stages, advanced overall stage and higher MACIS score, as described in Table 2. Based on the logistic regression analysis results shown in Table 4, lymphatic invasion, angioinvasion, BRAFV600E mutation and advanced T stage were predictive variables for TERT promoter mutation. Among the patients in our study cohort, one patient presented early recurrence on the lateral neck node within the one-year follow-up, and the same TERT promoter mutation in C228T was found in her lateral node after surgery [4]. This finding suggested that TERT promoter mutation in thyroid cancer can also affect aggressive metastatic neck lymph nodes, and short-term follow-up is required for patients who have TERT promoter mutation. One patient (Patient Number 10) underwent right lobectomy due to the large goiter for her benign nodule, and the final pathology revealed a 7.7 cm follicular variant PTC. According to this case, follicular variant PTC can also harbor the TERT promoter mutation without the BRAFV600E mutation. The clinical meaning of TERT promoter mutation in follicular variant PTC or follicular thyroid cancer is still unknown, and a large number of cases should be accumulated. One patient carried the C216T mutation (Patient number 3). Of note, the impact of TERT C216T is still unknown. As the same mutation was also found in other studies, long-term follow-up is needed to determine what the clinical significance of this mutation [7].
Our findings suggest that TERT promoter mutation is associated with aggressive clinical features of PTC. However, as the proportion of TERT promoter mutation is very low, it is necessary to think about their clinical use, and cost-benefit analysis should be considered. Therefore, based on the results of our analysis, we suggest that it is helpful to identify candidate thyroid cancer patients with a poor prognosis to selectively perform the TERT gene mutation test in more advanced patients rather than in all patients. We also identified the TERT promoter mutation in three papillary microcarcinoma patients who received total thyroidectomy. From a clinical point of view, when a TERT promoter mutation is detected after thyroid lobectomy in a thyroid micropapillary cancer patient, whether to remove the opposite thyroid gland and perform radioiodine treatment or follow-up without surgery and RAI has not yet been established. We think that more prospective research is needed in this area.
The limitation of this study is the relatively short-term follow-up and the inability to assess recurrence according to the TERT promoter mutation status. A second limitation is that TERT promoter mutation testing was not performed in our hospital directly. The cancer tissue was prepared in a paraffin block and sent to another hospital, and this process may affect the detection of TERT promoter mutation. In the future, if our hospital can establish a setting to perform TERT promoter mutation testing, it is expected that more accurate results will be obtained.
In conclusion, we report a large cohort study in which TERT promoter mutation status was investigated in Korean patients who underwent TC surgery. TERT promoter mutation was found to be a significantly worse prognostic factor in TC. However, due to the cost-benefit aspect of this testing, it should be considered for selective patients of an older age with aggressive features of PTC.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: J.-W.Y.; data curation: J.-W.Y.; formal analysis: J.-W.Y.; funding acquisition: J.-W.Y.; investigation: J.-W.Y.; methodology: J.-W.Y.; project administration: S.-W.C., J.-W.Y.; resources: J.-W.Y.; software: J.-W.Y.; supervision: J.-W.Y.; validation: Y.-S.C., S.-W.C.; visualization: J.-W.Y.; writing—original draft: Y.-S.C., S.-W.C.; writing—review and editing: J.-W.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by the Inha University Hospital Research Gant.
Institutional Review Board Statement
The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the institutional review board of our hospital (IRB number: 2021-03-037 (Approval date: 29 March 2021)).
Informed Consent Statement
Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
Data Availability Statement
Data sharing not applicable. No new data were created or analyzed in this study. Data sharing is not applicable to this article.
Conflicts of Interest
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article were reported.
Footnotes
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
References
- 1.Jung K.-W., Won Y.-J., Kong H.-J., Lee E.S. The Community of Population-based Regional Cancer Registries Cancer Statistics in Korea: Incidence, Mortality, Survival, and Prevalence in 2015. Cancer Res. Treat. 2018;50:303–316. doi: 10.4143/crt.2018.143. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Siegel R.L., Miller K.D., Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2019. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2019;69:7–34. doi: 10.3322/caac.21551. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Hundahl S.A., Fleming I.D., Fremgen A.M., Menck H.R. A National Cancer Data Base report on 53,856 cases of thyroid carcinoma treated in the U.S., 1985–1995. Cancer. 1998;83:2638–2648. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19981215)83:12<2638::AID-CNCR31>3.0.CO;2-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Chmielik E., Rusinek D., Oczko-Wojciechowska M., Jarzab M., Krajewska J., Czarniecka A., Jarzab B. Heterogeneity of Thyroid Cancer. Pathobiology. 2018;85:117–129. doi: 10.1159/000486422. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Sipos J., Mazzaferri E. Thyroid Cancer Epidemiology and Prognostic Variables. Clin. Oncol. 2010;22:395–404. doi: 10.1016/j.clon.2010.05.004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Song J.Y., Sun S.R., Dong F., Huang T., Wu B., Zhou J. Predictive Value of BRAF(V600E) Mutation for Lymph Node Metastasis in Papillary Thyroid Cancer: A Meta-analysis. Curr. Med. Sci. 2018;38:785–797. doi: 10.1007/s11596-018-1945-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Kim S.Y., Kim T., Kim K., Bae J.S., Kim J.S., Jung C.K. Highly prevalent BRAF V600E and low-frequency TERT promoter mutations underlie papillary thyroid carcinoma in Koreans. J. Pathol. Transl. Med. 2020;54:310–317. doi: 10.4132/jptm.2020.05.12. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Kim S.K., Woo J.W., Lee J.H., Park I., Choe J.H., Kim J.H., Kim J.S. Role of BRAF V600E mutation as an indicator of the extent of thyroidectomy and lymph node dissection in conventional papillary thyroid carcinoma. Surgery. 2015;158:1500–1511. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2015.05.016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Moon S., Song Y.S., Kim Y.A., Lim J.A., Cho S.W., Moon J.H., Hahn S., Park D.J., Park Y.J. Effects of Coexistent BRAF(V600E) and TERT Promoter Mutations on Poor Clinical Outcomes in Papillary Thyroid Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Thyroid. 2017;27:651–660. doi: 10.1089/thy.2016.0350. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Smekalova E.M., Shubernetskaya O.S., Zvereva M.I., Gromenko E.V., Rubtsova M.P., Dontsova O.A. Telomerase RNA biosynthesis and processing. Biochemistry. 2012;77:1120–1128. doi: 10.1134/S0006297912100045. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Kim N., Piatyszek M., Prowse K., Harley C., West M., Ho P., Coviello G., Wright W., Weinrich S., Shay J. Specific association of human telomerase activity with immortal cells and cancer. Science. 1994;266:2011–2015. doi: 10.1126/science.7605428. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Horn S., Figl A., Rachakonda P.S., Fischer C., Sucker A., Gast A., Kadel S., Moll I., Nagore E., Hemminki K., et al. TERT promoter mutations in familial and sporadic melanoma. Science. 2013;339:959–961. doi: 10.1126/science.1230062. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Tuttle R.M., Haugen B., Perrier N.D. Updated American Joint Committee on Cancer/Tumor-Node-Metastasis Staging System for Differentiated and Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer (Eighth Edition): What Changed and Why? Thyroid. 2017;27:751–756. doi: 10.1089/thy.2017.0102. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Hay I.D., Bergstralh E.J., Goellner J.R., Ebersold J.R., Grant C.S. Predicting outcome in papillary thyroid carcinoma: Development of a reliable prognostic scoring system in a cohort of 1779 patients surgically treated at one institution during 1940 through 1989. Surgery. 1993;114:1050–1057. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Team RC R: A language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. [(accessed on 15 February 2021)];2019 Available online: https://www.R-project.org/
- 16.Xing M., Alzahrani A.S., Carson K.A., Viola D., Elisei R., Bendlova B., Yip L., Mian C., Vianello F., Tuttle R.M., et al. Association Between BRAF V600E Mutation and Mortality in Patients With Papillary Thyroid Cancer. JAMA. 2013;309:1493–1501. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.3190. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Kowalska A., Walczyk A., Kowalik A., Pałyga I., Trybek T., Kopczyński J., Kajor M., Chrapek M., Pięciak L., Chłopek M., et al. Increase in Papillary Thyroid Cancer Incidence Is Accompanied by Changes in the Frequency of the BRAF V600E Mutation: A Single-Institution Study. Thyroid. 2016;26:543–551. doi: 10.1089/thy.2015.0352. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Tanaka A., Matsuse M., Saenko V., Nakao T., Yamanouchi K., Sakimura C., Yano H., Nishihara E., Hirokawa M., Suzuki K., et al. TERT mRNA Expression as a Novel Prognostic Marker in Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas. Thyroid. 2019;29:1105–1114. doi: 10.1089/thy.2018.0695. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Xing M. BRAF mutation in thyroid cancer. Endocr. Relat. Cancer. 2005;12:245–262. doi: 10.1677/erc.1.0978. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Kwon J.H., Yi J.W. Correlation between telomerase reverse transcriptase messenger RNA expression and survival of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Surgery. 2021;169:43–49. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2020.04.054. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Song Y.S., Park Y.J. Mechanisms of TERT Reactivation and Its Interaction with BRAFV600E. Endocrinol. Metab. 2020;35:515–525. doi: 10.3803/EnM.2020.304. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Vuong H.G., Altibi A.M., Duong U.N., Hassell L. Prognostic implication of BRAF and TERT promoter mutation combination in papillary thyroid carcinoma-A meta-analysis. Clin. Endocrinol. 2017;87:411–417. doi: 10.1111/cen.13413. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Liu C., Liu Z., Chen T., Zeng W., Guo Y., Huang T. TERT promoter Mutation and Its Association with Clinicopathological Features and Prognosis of Papillary Thyroid Cancer: A Meta-analysis. Sci. Rep. 2016;6:36990. doi: 10.1038/srep36990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
Data sharing not applicable. No new data were created or analyzed in this study. Data sharing is not applicable to this article.