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. 2021 Mar 3;116(3):492–493. [Article in Portuguese] doi: 10.36660/abc.20201353
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Doença de Kawasaki: Preditores de Resistência à Imunoglobulina Intravenosa e Complicações Cardíacas: Novas Perspectivas?

Editor: Isabel Cristina Britto Guimarães1,
PMCID: PMC8159543  PMID: 33909779

A doença de Kawasaki (DK) é uma doença inflamatória aguda de origem desconhecida, associada à vasculite que afeta vasos de médio calibre. As anormalidades da artéria coronária (AAC) – aneurismas ou dilatações – representam as principais complicações da DK, sendo, na atualidade, a causa mais comum de doença cardíaca adquirida em crianças em países desenvolvidos. Durante a fase aguda, o tratamento padrão inicial recomendado é o uso de imunoglobulina intravenosa (IGIV) e ácido acetilsalicílico, no intuito de reduzir o risco de danos às artérias coronárias.1 Contudo, cerca de 10% a 20% das crianças com DK não respondem ao tratamento padrão inicial, apresentando febre recorrente dentro de 36 a 48 horas após infusão da IGIV. Estudos demonstram que a probabilidade de pacientes com DK resistentes à IGIV terem lesões nas artérias coronárias é nove vezes maior do que nos casos sensíveis à IGIV. Sugere-se existir uma janela crítica para bloquear o processo inflamatório e prevenir AAC a longo prazo.2

O estudo de Faim et al.,3 teve como objetivo identificar fatores preditores de resistência à IGIV, calcular a eficácia dos modelos preditores japoneses e caracterizar as complicações cardíacas dos pacientes acompanhados em uma única instituição.3

Dos 48 pacientes com DK incluídos no estudo entre 2006 a 2018, 17% tiveram diagnóstico de DK atípica. A totalidade apresentava febre no dia da admissão, com média de 5 dias, e todos fizeram tratamento na fase aguda com IGIV e ácido acetilsalicílico, com média de 6,5 dias. Resistência à IGIV foi descrita em 9 casos (21%), dos quais um de DK atípica. São achados compatíveis com dados de literatura.4

No intuito de identificar precocemente os casos resistentes ao tratamento com IGIV e, dessa forma, possibilitar a introdução precoce de outras estratégias de tratamento, estudos têm sido realizados tentando estabelecer critérios clínicos e laboratoriais preditores de resistência à IGIV, como idade, dosagem de albumina, transaminases, hemoglobina, proteína C-reativa (PC-R), velocidade de hemossedimentação (VHS), plaquetas, bilirrubinas, sódio, entre outras.4 No presente estudo, os autores construíram curvas ROC para encontrar fatores preditores de resistência e elaboraram modelo preditor utilizando regressão logística multivariada. Analisando as variáveis preditoras de resistência, a PC-R apresentou AUC ROC = 0,789; ponto de corte = 15,1 mg/dL; sensibilidade (S) = 77,8%; e especificidade (E) = 78,9%. A VHS apresentou AUC ROC = 0,781; ponto de corte = 90,5 mm/h; S = 66,7%; e E = 85,7%. O modelo preditor com as duas variáveis apresentou valor p = 0,042 e AUC ROC = 0,790.

Os dados da literatura são controversos, quanto ao uso da VHS como variável preditora de resistência à IGIV. Em metanálise, Baeck et al.,5 tendo como objetivo identificar fatores laboratoriais preditivos de resistência à IGIV, incluíram 12 estudos publicados entre 2006 e 2014, analisando 2.745 pacientes. Destes, sete estudos calcularam o tamanho do efeito da VHS como fator preditivo de DK resistente à IGIV. A heterogeneidade entre esses estudos foi baixa (Q (6) = 11,001, P >0,001, I2 = 45,459) e a metanálise demonstrou que o tamanho do efeito foi pequeno para VHS (efeitos aleatórios, 0,150).5

Em metanálise realizada por Xuan Li et al., avaliando 28 estudos envolvendo 26.260 pacientes, cerca de 4.442 pacientes tinham diagnóstico de DK resistente à IGIV e 21.818 pacientes DK sensíveis à IGIV. A metanálise mostrou que a VHS no grupo resistente à IGIV foi significativamente maior do que no grupo sensível à IGIV. Contudo, a forte associação entre VHS e DK foi demonstrada somente em dois estudos em população chinesa, não sendo evidenciados os mesmos resultados em coreanos, japoneses e não asiáticos. Os demais estudos mostraram fraca associação entre valores de VHS e resistência à IGIV.6

Na diretriz sobre doença de Kawasaki publicada em 2017 pela American Heart Association,1 destaca-se que o valor do VHS aumenta com IGIV, não devendo ser utilizada para avaliar resposta terapêutica, e que a VHS persistentemente elevada isoladamente não deve ser interpretada como sinal de resistência à terapia com IGIV (Classe III, NE: C).

Desse modo, devemos analisar com cautela o uso dos valores da VHS como preditor de risco independente para resistência à IGIV na população não asiática.

Quanto aos três modelos de escores de risco desenvolvidos – Kobaysahi et al.,7 Sano et al.,8 e Egami et al.,9 validados para a população japonesa79 –, eles não apresentam desempenho adequado em populações ocidentais, etnicamente mistas e chinesas.1014 Situação semelhante foi observada por Faim et al.,3 em que os respectivos modelos validados no Japão também não apresentaram desempenho adequado.3

Vale destacar no estudo de Faim et al.,3 que cerca de 25% dos pacientes apresentaram envolvimento coronário, 40% destes com formação de aneurismas, além de outras complicações cardiovasculares. AAC e outras complicações cardiovasculares na fase aguda, como miocardite, choque cardiogênico e derrame pericárdico, são descritas na literatura.1,2,4

Independentemente do tamanho da amostra analisada e de ser estudo retrospectivo, os resultados são comparáveis aos dados da literatura, demonstrando a complexidade da doença e da necessidade de novas pesquisas, tendo como objetivo definir o melhor modelo preditor de resistência à IGIV e potencialmente reduzir a principal complicação da DK.

Footnotes

Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Doença de Kawasaki: Preditores de Resistência à Imunoglobulina Intravenosa e Complicações Cardíacas

Referências

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Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021 Mar 3;116(3):492–493. [Article in English]

Kawasaki Disease: Predictors of Intravenous Immunoglobulin Resistance and Cardiac Complications: New Perspectives?

Editor: Isabel Cristina Britto Guimarães1,

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute inflammatory disease of unknown origin and associated with vasculitis. It affects medium-sized vessels. Coronary artery abnormalities (CAA) — aneurysms or dilations — are the main complications of KD, and are currently the most common cause of heart disease acquired in children in developed countries. In the acute phase, the initial standard treatment recommended is intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and aspirin, to reduce the risk of damage to the coronary arteries.1 However, 10 to 20% of children with KD do not respond to the initial standard treatment, with recurrent fever within 36 to 48 hours after IVIG infusion. Studies show that the likelihood of KD patients resistant to IVIG to have coronary artery lesions is nine times greater than those sensitive to IVIG. This suggests that there is a critical window to block the inflammatory process and prevent CAA in the long term.2

The study by Faim et al.3 aimed to identify predictive factors for resistance to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), calculate the effectiveness of Japanese predictive models and characterize the cardiac complications of patients followed up at a single institution.3

Of the 48 KD patients included in the study between 2006 and 2018, 17% were diagnosed with atypical KD. All had fever on the day of admission, with a median of five days, and all were treated in the acute phase with IVIG and aspirin, with a median of 6.5 days. Resistance to IVIG has been described in 9 cases (21%), one of which of atypical KD. These findings are consistent with literature data.4

For the early identification of patients resistant to IVIG and to enable the early introduction of other treatment strategies, studies have been carried out trying to establish clinical and laboratory criteria that predict IVIG resistance, such as age, albumin dosage, transaminases, hemoglobin, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), platelets, bilirubins, sodium, and others.4 In the study, the authors constructed ROC curves to find predictive factors for resistance and developed a predictive model using multivariate logistic regression. Analyzing the predictive variables of resistance, CRP presented an AUC ROC = 0.789, cut-off point = 15.1 mg/dL, sensitivity (S) = 77.8% and specificity (E) = 78.9%. The ESR presented an AUC ROC = 0.781, a cut-off point = 90.5 mm/h, S = 66.7% and E = 85.7%. The predictive model with the two variables showed p = 0.042 and AUC ROC = 0.790.

Literature data are controversial regarding the use of ESR as a predictor of IVIG resistance. In a meta-analysis, Baeck et al.,5 aiming to identify laboratory factors predictive of IVIG resistance, included twelve studies published between 2006 and 2014, analyzing 2,745 patients. Of these, seven studies calculated the ESR effect size as a predictive factor of IVIG-resistant KD. Heterogeneity between these studies was low (Q (6) = 11.001, P>0.001, I2 = 45.459) and the meta-analysis found that the effect size was small for ESR (random effects, 0.150).5

In a meta-analysis performed by Xuan Li et al., analyzing 28 studies involving 26,260 patients, about 4,442 patients were diagnosed with IVIG-resistant KD and 21,818 patients were diagnosed with IVIG-sensitive KD. The meta-analysis showed that ESR in the IVIG-resistant group was significantly higher than in the IVIG-sensitive group. However, the strong association between ESR and KD was demonstrated only in two studies in a Chinese population. The same findings were not shown in Koreans, Japanese and non-Asians. The other studies had a weak association between ESR and IVIG resistance.6

The guideline on Kawasaki disease published in 2017 by the American Heart Association,1 points out that the ESR increases with IVIG and should not be used to assess therapeutic response, and persistently high ESR should not be interpreted as a sign of resistance to IVIG therapy (Class III, LE: C).

Therefore, we must carefully analyze the use of ESR as an independent risk predictor for IVIG resistance in the non-Asian population.

The three models of risk scores developed, namely Kobaysahi et al.,7 Sano et al.8 and Egami et al.,9 validated for the Japanese population,79 do not work properly in western, ethnically mixed and Chinese populations.1014 A similar situation was observed by Faim et al.,3 where the respective models validated in Japan did not perform well either.3

It is worth noting that in the study by Faim et al. about 25% of the patients had coronary involvement, 40% of them had aneurysm formation, in addition to other cardiovascular complications. CAA and other cardiovascular complications in the acute phase, including myocarditis, cardiogenic shock and pericardial effusion, are described in the literature.1,2,4

Regardless of the size of the sample analyzed and its retrospective nature, the study findings are comparable to literature data, demonstrating the complexity of the disease and the need for further research aiming to define the best predictive model of IVIG resistance and potentially reduce the main KD complication.

Footnotes

Short editorial related to the article: Kawasaki Disease: Predictors of Resistance to Intravenous Immunoglobulin and Cardiac Complications


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