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. 2021 Mar 3;116(3):381–382. [Article in Portuguese] doi: 10.36660/abc.20210113
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Eventos Cardiovasculares Evitáveis: Um Sério Efeito Colateral da Pandemia de COVID-19

Editor: Fernando H Y Cesena1,
PMCID: PMC8159556  PMID: 33909763

Logo após o início da pandemia de COVID-19, um sentimento geral surgiu entre os médicos: muitos pacientes teriam desfechos desfavoráveis devido à demora na procura por serviços médicos por medo de contaminação. Pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio, insuficiência cardíaca descompensada ou acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) permaneceriam em casa ou iriam para o hospital tardiamente. A investigação de doenças possivelmente graves como o câncer seria adiada. Além disso, o colapso do sistema de saúde seria um fator contribuinte para o cuidado inadequado de doenças outras que não a COVID-19.

Levou alguns meses para que os pesquisadores coletassem dados sobre as nuances desse fenômeno. Diversas publicações têm confirmado as expectativas, lançando luz sobre um aspecto que deve ser discutido e divulgado.

Nesse contexto, este número da ABC publica uma análise do impacto dos primeiros meses da pandemia sobre o número de procedimentos médicos, internações e óbitos intra-hospitalares por doenças cardiovasculares no âmbito do serviço público de saúde brasileiro.1 Os números esperados para março a maio de 2020, baseados nas tendências de 2016 a 2019, foram confrontados com os números observados durante a pandemia. Os principais resultados indicam que o número de procedimentos, cirurgias, internações e óbitos hospitalares foi muito inferior ao esperado. Os autores descrevem uma redução de 15% nas internações por doenças cardiovasculares. Os óbitos hospitalares por doenças cardiovasculares também diminuíram, mas não na mesma proporção (-8%). Como consequência, a letalidade intra-hospitalar aumentou 9%.1

O número reduzido de procedimentos cardíacos e internações hospitalares devido a urgências cardiovasculares é compatível com outros relatos do Brasil e de outros países.24 Essa observação, por si só, não seria um problema se desfechos relevantes como óbitos, insuficiência cardíaca pós-infarto do miocárdio e incapacidades pós-AVC não tivessem aumentado. Infelizmente, não é o caso. Brant et al.5 publicaram uma análise abrangente do excesso de mortalidade cardiovascular de março a maio de 2020 nas seis capitais brasileiras com maior número de óbitos por COVID-19. Os autores encontraram um excesso no total de óbitos cardiovasculares na maioria das cidades, principalmente devido a causas cardiovasculares não especificadas, que foram correlacionadas com um aumento nos óbitos domiciliares.5

As questões relacionadas às consequências indiretas e nocivas da pandemia não se restringem às doenças cardiovasculares. Várias publicações têm destacado demanda reduzida por serviços oncológicos e menor número de exames diagnósticos e procedimentos terapêuticos para o câncer durante a pandemia.69

Portanto, os danos colaterais da pandemia de COVID-19 são claros e alarmantes, e estratégias para minimizar eventos evitáveis devem ser desenvolvidas e implementadas. Isto é especialmente verdadeiro no contexto das doenças cardiovasculares, principal causa de óbitos no mundo e no Brasil.10

Obviamente, a solução ideal é controlar a própria pandemia, o que leva tempo e dependerá do sucesso do programa de vacinação, que está sempre ameaçado pelo surgimento de novas variantes do coronavírus da síndrome respiratória aguda grave 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Enquanto a transmissão comunitária do vírus estiver em níveis elevados, outras iniciativas podem ajudar.

Em primeiro lugar, é obrigatório alertar os médicos e pacientes para o perigo de delongas no diagnóstico e no tratamento de doenças cardiovasculares, malignidades e outros processos patológicos. Os médicos devem dominar a tarefa frequentemente difícil de equilibrar os benefícios e riscos de encaminhar pacientes para procedimentos diagnósticos e internações hospitalares. O correto discernimento sobre a urgência depende de um misto de educação continuada, capacitação e bom senso. Campanhas públicas voltadas para leigos também podem ser úteis.

Em segundo lugar, os serviços de saúde devem estar preparados para minimizar os riscos aos pacientes e profissionais de saúde durante a pandemia. As sociedades médicas têm o papel de orientar os profissionais de saúde para a realização de procedimentos com segurança, como a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia tem feito por meio da emissão de documentos com recomendações específicas.1113 Hospitais de referência e ensino também podem contribuir compartilhando suas experiências e protocolos que podem ser utilizados por centros menores.14

Em terceiro lugar, devemos tirar proveito do atendimento de saúde remoto para preencher parcialmente a lacuna de acesso restrito à assistência médica nestes tempos de pandemia. Uso inteligente da telemedicina,15 visitas da equipe de saúde e coleta de sangue em domicílio, bem como teletransmissão do eletrocardiograma são alguns exemplos de práticas que podem ser adotadas.

Em conclusão, agora está claro que os impactos da pandemia de COVID-19 vão muito além dos óbitos por pneumonia viral e aspectos socioeconômicos. Os pacientes estão mais relutantes e têm adiado investigações médicas, em grande parte devido ao medo de serem infectados pelo SARS-CoV-2. Embora compreensíveis do ponto de vista do paciente, essas atitudes apresentam riscos elevados, principalmente quando se trata de doenças cardiovasculares e câncer. Esforços devem ser feitos para limitar os eventos evitáveis e para minimizar as consequências trágicas dessa pandemia em curso ou outras tragédias que possam nos atingir futuramente.

Footnotes

Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Redução na Hospitalização e Aumento na Mortalidade por Doenças Cardiovasculares durante a Pandemia da COVID-19 no Brasil

References

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Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021 Mar 3;116(3):381–382. [Article in English]

Avoidable Cardiovascular Events: A Serious Side Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Editor: Fernando H Y Cesena1,

Soon after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, a general feeling arose among the doctors: many patients would have poor outcomes due to delays in seeking medical services for fear of infection. Patients with acute myocardial infarction, decompensated heart failure or stroke would stay at home or go to the hospital late in the course of the event. Investigation of potentially serious diseases, such as cancer, would be postponed. Besides, healthcare collapse would prove to be a contributor to inadequate care of non-COVID-19 diseases.

It took some months for the researchers to gather data on the nuances of this phenomenon. Several publications have confirmed the expectations, shedding light on an aspect that must be discussed and disseminated.

In this context, this issue of ABC publishes an analysis of the impact of the first months of the pandemic on the number of medical procedures, hospital admissions, and in-hospital deaths due to cardiovascular diseases in the setting of the Brazilian public healthcare service.1 The numbers expected for March to May 2020, based on the trends from 2016 to 2019, were confronted with the numbers observed during the pandemic. The main results indicate that the number of procedures, surgeries, hospital admissions, and in-hospital deaths was much lower than expected. The authors describe a 15% decrease in hospital admissions due to cardiovascular diseases. In-hospital deaths due to cardiovascular diseases also dropped, but not to the same extent (-8%). As a consequence, in-hospital mortality increased by 9%.1

The reduced number of cardiac procedures and hospital admissions due to cardiovascular urgencies is consistent with other reports from Brazil and other countries.24 This observation, per se, would not be a problem if relevant outcomes, such as deaths, post-myocardial infarction heart failure and post-stroke disabilities had not increased. Unfortunately, this is not the case. Brant et al.5 have published a comprehensive analysis of excess cardiovascular mortality from March to May 2020 in the six Brazilian capitals with the highest number of COVID-19 fatalities. The authors found an excess in total cardiovascular deaths in most cities, especially due to unspecified cardiovascular causes, which were correlated with an increase in home deaths.5

Concerns about indirect, harmful consequences of the pandemic are not restricted to cardiovascular diseases. Several publications have highlighted a reduced demand for cancer services, and a lower number of diagnostic exams and therapeutic procedures for cancer during the pandemic.69

Therefore, the collateral damage of the COVID-19 pandemic is clear and alarming, and strategies to minimize avoidable events must be developed and implemented. This is especially true in the setting of cardiovascular diseases, the leading cause of death in the world and in Brazil.10

Obviously, the ideal solution is to control the pandemic itself, which takes time and will depend on the success of the vaccination program, which is always threatened by the emergence of new variants of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As long as the community transmission of the virus is at high levels, other initiatives may help.

Firstly, it is mandatory to make doctors and patients aware of the danger of delaying diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, malignancies, and other pathological processes. Physicians should master the frequently hard task of balancing the benefits and risks of referring patients to diagnostic procedures and hospital admissions. The correct discernment on the urgency depends on a mixture of continuing education, training, and common sense. Public campaigns targeting lay people may also be useful.

Secondly, healthcare services must be prepared to minimize risks to patients and healthcare professionals during the pandemic. Medical societies have a role in guiding the health providers to safely perform procedures, such as the Brazilian Society of Cardiology has done by issuing documents with specific recommendations.1113 Teaching, reference hospitals can also contribute by sharing their experience and protocols that may be used by smaller centers.14

Thirdly, we should take advantage of remote healthcare to partially fill the gap of restricted access to medical assistance in these pandemic times. Intelligent use of telemedicine,15 home visits by the health team, blood collection at home, and electrocardiogram teletransmission are some examples of practices that may be performed.

In conclusion, it is now clear that the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic go far beyond deaths due to viral pneumonia and socio-economic aspects. Patients are more reluctant and have postponed medical investigations, largely due to the fear of being infected with SARS-CoV-2. Although understandable from the patient’s perspective, these attitudes pose high risks, especially when it comes to cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Efforts must be made to limit preventable events and to minimize the tragic consequences of this ongoing pandemic or other disasters that might affect us in the future.

Footnotes

Short Editorial related to the article: Reduction in Hospitalization and Increase in Mortality Due to Cardiovascular Diseases during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil


Articles from Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia are provided here courtesy of Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia

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