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. 2021 Mar 3;116(3):501–503. [Article in Portuguese] doi: 10.36660/abc.20201109
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Quais os Valores de Normalidade mais Adequados para Monitorização Residencial da Pressão Arterial?

Audes D M Feitosa 1,2, Marco A Mota-Gomes 3, Fernando Nobre 4, Decio Mion Jr 5, Annelise MG Paiva 3, Fábio Argenta 6, Weimar KS Barroso 7, Roberto D Miranda 8, Eduardo C D Barbosa 9, Andréa A Brandão 10, Thiago SV Jardim 7, Paulo CBV Jardim 7,11, Wilson Nadruz 12,
PMCID: PMC8159570  PMID: 33909780

Introdução

O diagnóstico de hipertensão arterial (HA) habitualmente se baseia em medidas de pressão arterial (PA) obtidas no consultório. Esta estratégia, entretanto, pode subestimar ou superestimar a verdadeira prevalência de HA devido à presença de fenótipos alternativos, como HA mascarada e HA do avental branco. Neste contexto, as diretrizes atuais de HA têm recomendado, quando possível, a realização de medidas de PA fora do consultório, seja por meio da monitorização ambulatorial da PA (MAPA) ou da monitorização residencial da PA (MRPA), para a confirmação da HA e manuseio mais adequado do paciente.14

Valores de MRPA utilizados para definir HA começaram a ser propostos de forma mais consensual a partir do final da década de 1990. Em 1998, resultados de uma metanálise de 17 estudos envolvendo 5.422 participantes não tratados com medicações anti-hipertensivas sugeriram que valores elevados de MRPA fossem ≥ 137/89 mmHg ou ≥ 135/86 mmHg quando calculados a partir das médias + 2 desvios padrões ou dos percentis 95, respectivamente.5 No ano seguinte, a análise de 2.401 indivíduos normotensos no consultório estimou que valores elevados de MRPA fossem ≥ 137/85 mmHg a partir do cálculo dos percentis 95.6 Além disto, uma avaliação de 1.913 participantes (69% não tratados) do Estudo de Ohasama mostrou que valores de MRPA ≥ 137/84 mmHg se associaram com maior risco de morte após um seguimento médio de 5 anos.7 Os valores de referência propostos por estes estudos foram arredondados e embasaram a recomendação em diretrizes subsequentes de que medidas de MRPA fossem consideradas anormais quando maiores ou iguais a 135/85 mmHg.8,9 Estes valores de referência (135/85 mmHg) foram então incorporados à prática clínica e têm sido recomendados para determinar a presença de valores anormais de MRPA por diretrizes recentes de diversas sociedades3,10 incluindo a 7a Diretriz Brasileira de HA, publicada em 2016,1 e as 6ᵃ Diretrizes Brasileiras de MAPA e 4ᵃ Diretrizes de MRPA, publicadas em 2018.4

Vários estudos publicados na última década avaliando indivíduos sem uso de medicações anti-hipertensivas têm apontado para a necessidade de revisão dos valores de referência de MRPA para diagnosticar HA1114 Em 2012, Collde-Tuero e colaboradores relataram que valores de MRPA < 130/80 mmHg se associaram com menor desenvolvimento de lesões de órgão-alvo do que valores de MRPA < 135/85 mmHg em uma amostra de 466 indivíduos.11 Em 2017, um estudo coreano incluindo 256 participantes mostrou que valores de MRPA ≥ 130/80 mmHg apresentaram maior acurácia do que valores de MRPA ≥ 135/85 mmHg para detectar HA diagnosticada pela MAPA.12 Mais recentemente, em 2020, resultados de análise de regressão envolvendo 9.868 indivíduos brasileiros não tratados mostraram que valores de PA no consultório de 140/90 mmHg corresponderam a valores de 130/82 mmHg na MRPA.13 No que se refere a desfechos cardiovasculares, Niiranen et al.14 publicaram, em 2013, uma metanálise incluindo dados de 5.018 participantes não tratados de 5 países, a qual mostrou que valores de MRPA de 131,9/82,4 mmHg eram equivalentes a valores de PA no consultório de 140/90 mmHg na predição de eventos cardiovasculares.14 De maneira geral, estes estudos publicados na última década demonstram que valores de normalidade para MRPA são mais próximos de 130/80 mmHg do que 135/85 mmHg, dando suporte à mudança nos valores de referência de MRPA para 130/80 mmHg.

Diversas evidências obtidas em indivíduos sob tratamento anti-hipertensivo também indicam que valores de referência de MRPA mais baixos do que 135/85 mmHg sejam mais adequados para definir a presença de comportamento anormal da PA.13,1517 Resultados de análise de regressão envolvendo 10.069 brasileiros tratados mostraram que valores de MRPA de 131/82 mmHg são equivalentes a valores da PA no consultório de 140/90 mmHg.13 No Estudo de Ohasama, a avaliação de 700 pacientes tratados mostrou que a incidência de acidente vascular encefálico foi maior em indivíduos com valores de MRPA entre 125/80 e 134/84 mmHg do que nos indivíduos com valores de MRPA < 115/75 mmHg após um seguimento médio de 11,9 anos, indicando que pacientes com valores de MRPA mais baixos que 135/85 mmHg ainda podem apresentar risco aumentado para desfechos vasculares desfavoráveis.15 Em outro estudo avaliando 3,518 pacientes japoneses sob tratamento anti-hipertensivo, Asayama et al.,16 mostraram que os indivíduos que atingiram valores de MRPA sistólica menores que 131,6 mmHg apresentaram menor risco de desfechos cardiovasculares desfavoráveis.16 Recentemente, Coll-de-Tuero et al.17 mostraram que dentre os pacientes com PA elevada no consultório sem lesão de órgão-alvo, aqueles com valores de MRPA < 130/80 mmHg tiveram mortalidade similar a indivíduos normotensos no consultório, enquanto aqueles com valores de MRPA < 135/85 mmHg tiveram maior mortalidade.17 Em conjunto, as evidências obtidas em pacientes sob tratamento anti-hipertensivo dão suporte adicional à recomendação de que valores ≥ 130/80 mmHg sejam utilizados para detectar indivíduos com comportamento anormal da MRPA.

Por fim, consideramos válido ressaltar que a MRPA e a MAPA na vigília não devem ser consideradas medidas de PA iguais. A MAPA na vigília mede a PA durante as atividades habituais do paciente, incluindo trabalho, transporte, refeições, e em momentos de repouso e estresse. Por outro lado, a MRPA é derivada de um protocolo rígido em que o paciente faz as medidas apenas em ambiente calmo, após repouso de pelo menos 3 minutos, ao amanhecer e ao anoitecer, antes das refeições (ou 2 horas após o jantar), de bexiga vazia e antes do uso das medicações anti-hipertensivas (se for o caso). Neste contexto, é comum que os valores de MAPA na vigília sejam ligeiramente mais altos do que de MRPA.18 Portanto, pode-se afirmar que a MAPA na vigília e a MRPA são medidas distintas da PA, e consequentemente, podem apresentar valores de normalidade diferentes.

Conclusão

Com base nas evidências acima, a Diretriz Brasileira de HA 202019 recomenda que os valores de anormalidade de MRPA passem a ser ≥ 130/80 mmHg, em substituição aos valores ≥135/85 mmHg recomendados previamente pela 7a Diretriz Brasileira de HA1 e pelas 6ᵃ Diretrizes de Monitorização Ambulatorial da Pressão Arterial e 4ᵃ Diretrizes de Monitorização Residencial da Pressão Arterial.4

Footnotes

Fontes de Financiamento

O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.

Vinculação Acadêmica

Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.

Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado

Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.

Referências

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Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021 Mar 3;116(3):501–503. [Article in English]

What are the Optimal Reference Values for Home Blood Pressure Monitoring?

Audes D M Feitosa 1,2, Marco A Mota-Gomes 3, Fernando Nobre 4, Decio Mion Jr 5, Annelise MG Paiva 3, Fábio Argenta 6, Weimar KS Barroso 7, Roberto D Miranda 8, Eduardo C D Barbosa 9, Andréa A Brandão 10, Thiago SV Jardim 7, Paulo CBV Jardim 7,11, Wilson Nadruz 12,

Introduction

The diagnosis of hypertension usually relies on office blood pressure (BP) measures. However, this approach might underestimate or overestimate the true prevalence of hypertension due to the presence of alternative BP phenotypes, such as masked hypertension and white-coat hypertension. In this regard, current hypertension guidelines have recommended the evaluation of out-of-office BP by ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) or home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM), when these techniques are available, to confirm the diagnosis and to provide a more adequate management of hypertension.14

HBPM reference values used to define hypertension have been more consistently suggested since the end of 1990s. In 1998, results of a meta-analysis including data from 17 studies and 5,422 untreated participants suggested that elevated HBPM values should be ≥ 137/89 mmHg or ≥ 135/86 mmHg based on analysis of means + 2 standard deviations or ninety-fifth percentiles, respectively.5 In 1999, the analysis of the ninety-fifth percentiles of HBPM values from 2,401 normotensive individuals at the office estimated that elevated HBPM values were ≥ 137/85 mmHg.6 Furthermore, the evaluation of 1,913 individuals (69% not treated with antihypertensive medications) from the Ohasama Study showed that HBPM values ≥ 137/84 mmHg were associated with greater risk of death after 5 years of follow-up.7 Subsequent hypertension guidelines rounded the reference values suggested by these latter studies and recommended that abnormal HBPM measures should be considered when ≥ 135/85 mmHg.8,9 HBPM thresholds of 135/85 mmHg were then incorporated into clinical practice, and they have been used to define abnormal HBPM values by hypertension guidelines from various societies,3,10 including the Seventh Brazilian Hypertension Guidelines published in 20161 and the Sixth Brazilian Guidelines of ABPM and Fourth Brazilian Guidelines of HBPM published in 2018.4

Several reports published in the last decade evaluating individuals not using antihypertensive medications have suggested that HBPM reference values used to define hypertension should be reviewed.1114 In 2012, Coll-de-Tuero et al. reported that HBPM values < 130/80 mmHg were associated with lower risk of development of end-organ damage than HBPM values < 135/85 mmHg in a sample of 466 individuals.11 In 2017, a Korean study evaluating 256 participants found that HBPM values ≥ 130/80 mmHg had greater accuracy than HBPM values ≥ 135/85 mmHg to detect hypertension, considering ABPM measurements as a reference.12 More recently, in 2020, results of regression analysis including 9,868 untreated Brazilian participants showed that office BP values of 140/90 mmHg corresponded to HBPM values of 130/82 mmHg.13 Regarding long-term outcomes, Niiranen et al.14 published, in 2013, a meta-analysis including data from 5,018 untreated individuals from 5 countries, which showed that HBPM values of 131.9/82.4 mmHg were equivalent to office BP values of 140/90 mmHg in predicting cardiovascular events.14 Overall, these studies demonstrated that normal HBPM values are actually closer to 130/80 mmHg than 135/85 mmHg, thus providing support for changing HBPM reference values from 135/85 mmHg to 130/80 mmHg.

Numerous reports evaluating individuals using antihypertensive medications have also indicated that HBPM values lower than 135/85 mmHg are more adequate to define the presence of high BP levels.13,1517 Results of regression analysis including data from 10,069 treated Brazilian participants showed that HBPM values of 131/82 mmHg were equivalent to office BP values of 140/90 mmHg.13 The evaluation of 700 treated hypertensive patients from the Ohasama Study demonstrated that the incidence of stroke was greater in patients with HBPM values ranging between 125/80 and 134/84 mmHg than in those with HBPM values < 115/75 mmHg after a mean follow-up of 11.9 years, indicating that patients with HBPM values lower than 135/85 mmHg might still have greater risk of adverse cardiovascular events.15 In another study evaluating 3,518 treated Japanese patients, Asayama et al.16 found that individuals who achieved systolic HBPM values lower than 131.6 mmHg had lower risk of presenting adverse cardiovascular outcomes.16 Recently, Coll-de-Tuero et al.17 reported that, among treated patients with high office BP levels but no sign of end-organ damage, those with HBPM values < 130/80 mmHg had mortality similar to individuals with normal office BP levels, while individuals with HBPM values <135/85 mmHg had greater mortality.17 In general, these data obtained in treated hypertensive patients provide additional support to the idea that HBPM ≥ 130/80 mmHg should be used do define individuals with elevated BP levels.

Finally, we believe it is worth mentioning that HBPM and daytime ABPM should not be considered as equivalent measures. Daytime ABPM measures BP while the studied individuals are performing their regular activities at work, in transportation, or during meals and when they are at rest or under stress. Conversely, HBPM values are derived from a strict protocol where the studied individuals measure their BP in a quiet environment, after at least 3 minutes of rest, in the morning and in the evening, before using antihypertensive medications or having meals (or 2 hours after dinner), and with empty bladder. In this context, it is common that daytime ABPM values are slightly greater than HBPM values.18 Therefore, it can be stated that daytime ABPM and HBPM are distinct measures, and they may have different reference values.

Conclusion

Based on the aforementioned evidence, the Brazilian Guidelines of Hypertension 202019 recommend that HBPM values should be considered abnormal when they are greater or equal to 130/80 mmHg, thus substituting the previous thresholds (≥ 135/85 mmHg) recommended by the Seventh Brazilian Hypertension Guidelines,1 the Sixth Brazilian Guidelines of ABPM, and the Fourth Brazilian Guidelines of HBPM.4

Footnotes

Sources of Funding

There were no external funding sources for this study.

Study Association

This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.

Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.


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