Table 2.

Depression and self-harming behaviour in adolescence by the timing of diagnosis for autism spectrum disorder.

	Unadjusted occurrence, %a	Model 1 (Unadjusted)		Model 2 (Sex adjusted)		Model 3 (Fully adjustedb)
	Mean (SE)	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Depression
No ASD	16.0 (0.5)	1 (ref)	–	1 (ref)	–	1 (ref)	–
Age 5	16.6 (6.8)	1.05	0.40–2.76	1.85	0.69–4.96	1.78	0.67–4.75
Age 7	18.2 (6.5)	1.17	0.49–2.78	1.67	0.74–3.77	1.56	0.70–3.49
Age 11	22.0 (4.3)	1.49	0.91–2.44	2.23	1.29–3.85	2.21	1.27–3.83
Age 14	32.8 (5.1)	2.57	1.62–4.09	3.73	2.24–6.23	3.58	2.13–5.96
p for linear trend	0.003	0.002		<0.001		<0.001
Self-harming behaviour
No ASD	15.1 (0.5)	1 (ref)	–	1 (ref)	–	1 (ref)	–
Age 5	15.2 (5.5)	1.01	0.43–2.35	1.80	0.76–4.22	1.63	0.66–3.98
Age 7	23.8 (7.4)	1.76	0.79–3.93	2.58	1.20–5.59	2.36	1.10–5.07
Age 11	14.8 (3.6)	0.98	0.56–1.73	1.45	0.80–2.64	1.44	0.79–2.61
Age 14	29.0 (5.3)	2.30	1.37–3.84	3.33	1.92–5.77	3.16	1.82–5.45
p for linear trend	0.03	0.03	–	0.005		0.006

OR: odds ratio; SE: standard error; CI: confidence interval; ASD: autism spectrum disorder.

^aWeighted percentages are shown.

^bAdditionally, adjusted for multiple birth, parental education, household income, parental depression, cognitive ability, and parent-rated emotional symptoms at age 5.