Clinicopathologic Features of Oculopharyngodistal Myopathy With LRP12 CGG Repeat Expansions Compared With Other Oculopharyngodistal Myopathy Subtypes

Theerawat Kumutpongpanich; Masashi Ogasawara; Ayami Ozaki; Hiroyuki Ishiura; Shoji Tsuji; Narihiro Minami; Shinichiro Hayashi; Satoru Noguchi; Aritoshi Iida; Ichizo Nishino; and the OPDM_LRP12 Study Group; Madoka Mori-Yoshimura; Yasushi Oya; Kenjiro Ono; Toshio Shimizu; Akihiro Kawata; Shun Shimohama; Keiko Toyooka; Kaoru Endo; Shuta Toru; Oga Sasaki; Kenji Isahaya; Masanori P Takahashi; Kazuo Iwasa; Jun-Ichi Kira; Tatsuya Yamamoto; Michi Kawamoto; Tadanori Hamano; Kazuma Sugie; Nobuyuki Eura; Tomo Shiota; Mizuho Koide; Kanako Sekiya; Hideaki Kishi; Takuto Hideyama; Shigeru Kawai; Satoshi Yanagimoto; Hiroyasu Sato; Hajime Arahata; Shigeo Murayama; Kayoko Saito; Hideo Hara; Takashi Kanda; Hiroshi Yaguchi; Noboru Imai; Yuichi Kawagashira; Mitsuru Sanada; Kazuki Obara; Misako Kaido; Minori Furuta; Takashi Kurashige; Wataru Hara; Daisuke Kuzume; Mamoru Yamamoto; Jun Tsugawa; Hitaru Kishida; Naoki Ishizuka; Kohei Morimoto; Yukio Tsuji; Atsuko Tsuneyama; Atsuhiro Matsuno; Ryo Sasaki; Daigo Tamakoshi; Erika Abe; Shinichiro Yamada; Akiyuki Uzawa

doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.1509

. 2021 May 28;78(7):1–11. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.1509

Clinicopathologic Features of Oculopharyngodistal Myopathy With LRP12 CGG Repeat Expansions Compared With Other Oculopharyngodistal Myopathy Subtypes

Theerawat Kumutpongpanich ^1,², Masashi Ogasawara ^1,², Ayami Ozaki ^1,², Hiroyuki Ishiura ³, Shoji Tsuji ³, Narihiro Minami ^1,², Shinichiro Hayashi ^1,², Satoru Noguchi ^1,², Aritoshi Iida ², Ichizo Nishino ^1,^2,^✉; and the OPDM_LRP12 Study Group, Madoka Mori-Yoshimura ⁴, Yasushi Oya ⁴, Kenjiro Ono ⁵, Toshio Shimizu ⁶, Akihiro Kawata ⁶, Shun Shimohama ⁷, Keiko Toyooka ⁸, Kaoru Endo ⁹, Shuta Toru ¹⁰, Oga Sasaki ¹¹, Kenji Isahaya ¹¹, Masanori P Takahashi ¹², Kazuo Iwasa ¹³, Jun-Ichi Kira ¹⁴, Tatsuya Yamamoto ¹⁵, Michi Kawamoto ¹⁶, Tadanori Hamano ¹⁷, Kazuma Sugie ¹⁸, Nobuyuki Eura ¹⁸, Tomo Shiota ¹⁸, Mizuho Koide ¹⁹, Kanako Sekiya ²⁰, Hideaki Kishi ²¹, Takuto Hideyama ²², Shigeru Kawai ²³, Satoshi Yanagimoto ²³, Hiroyasu Sato ²⁴, Hajime Arahata ²⁵, Shigeo Murayama ²⁶, Kayoko Saito ²⁷, Hideo Hara ²⁸, Takashi Kanda ²⁹, Hiroshi Yaguchi ³⁰, Noboru Imai ³¹, Yuichi Kawagashira ³², Mitsuru Sanada ³³, Kazuki Obara ³⁴, Misako Kaido ³⁵, Minori Furuta ³⁶, Takashi Kurashige ³⁷, Wataru Hara ³⁸, Daisuke Kuzume ³⁹, Mamoru Yamamoto ⁴⁰, Jun Tsugawa ⁴¹, Hitaru Kishida ⁴², Naoki Ishizuka ⁴³, Kohei Morimoto ⁴⁴, Yukio Tsuji ⁴⁴, Atsuko Tsuneyama ⁴⁵, Atsuhiro Matsuno ⁴⁶, Ryo Sasaki ⁴⁷, Daigo Tamakoshi ⁴⁸, Erika Abe ⁴⁹, Shinichiro Yamada ⁵⁰, Akiyuki Uzawa ¹⁵

¹Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan

²Medical Genome Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan

³Department of Neurology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan

⁴Department of Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan

⁵Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan

⁶Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo, Japan

⁷Department of Neurology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan

⁸Department of Neurology, Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, Osaka, Japan

⁹Department of Neurology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan

¹⁰Department of Neurology, Nitobe Memorial Nakano General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan

¹¹Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan

¹²Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan

¹³Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan

¹⁴Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

¹⁵Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan

¹⁶Department of Neurology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan

¹⁷Second Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Neurology, Department of Aging and Dementia, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan

¹⁸Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan

¹⁹Department of Neurology, Chiba-East National Hospital, Chiba, Japan

²⁰Department of Neurology, Niigata City General Hospital, Niigata, Japan

²¹Department of Neurology, Asahikawa Medical Center, Asahikawa, Japan

²²Department of Neurology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan

²³Department of Neurology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan

²⁴Department of Neurology, Hematology, Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan

²⁵Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Omuta National Hospital, Omuta, Japan

²⁶Department of Neurology and Neuropathology (the Brain Bank for Aging Research), Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan

²⁷Institute of Medical Genetics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan

²⁸Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan

²⁹Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan

³⁰Department of Neurology, The Jikei University Kashiwa Hospital, Kashiwa, Japan

³¹Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Shizuoka Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan

³²Department of Neurology, Tsushima City Hospital, Aichi, Japan

³³Department of Neurology, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Ishikawa, Japan

³⁴Department of Neurology, Anjo Kosei Hospital, Aichi, Japan

³⁵Department of Neurology, Sakai City Medical Center, Osaka, Japan

³⁶Department of Neurology, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan

³⁷Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center, Chugoku Cancer Center, Kure, Japan

³⁸Department of Neurology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan

³⁹Department of Neurology, Chikamori Hospital, Kochi, Japan

⁴⁰Department of Neurology, Toyama University, Toyama, Japan

⁴¹Department of Neurology, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan

⁴²Department of Neurology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan

⁴³Division of Neurology and Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan

⁴⁴Department of Neurology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan

⁴⁵Department of Neurology, Narita Red Cross Hospital, Chiba, Japan

⁴⁶Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan

⁴⁷Department of Neurology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan

⁴⁸Department of Neurology, Chukyo Hospital, Nagoya, Japan

⁴⁹Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Akita Hospital, Akita, Japan

⁵⁰Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan

Group Information: The OPDM_LRP12 Study Group authors are listed at the end of this article.

Accepted for Publication: April 9, 2021.

Published Online: May 28, 2021. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.1509

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Corresponding Author: Ichizo Nishino, MD, PhD, Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan (nishino@ncnp.go.jp).

OPDM_LRP12 Study Group Authors: Madoka Mori-Yoshimura, MD, PhD; Yasushi Oya, MD, PhD; Kenjiro Ono, MD, PhD; Toshio Shimizu, MD, PhD; Akihiro Kawata, MD, PhD; Shun Shimohama, MD, PhD; Keiko Toyooka, MD, PhD; Kaoru Endo, MD, PhD; Shuta Toru, MD, PhD; Oga Sasaki, MD; Kenji Isahaya, MD; Masanori P. Takahashi, MD, PhD; Kazuo Iwasa, MD, PhD; Jun-Ichi Kira, MD, PhD; Tatsuya Yamamoto, MD, PhD; Michi Kawamoto, MD; Tadanori Hamano, MD, PhD; Kazuma Sugie, MD, PhD; Nobuyuki Eura, MD, PhD; Tomo Shiota, MD; Mizuho Koide, MD; Kanako Sekiya, MD; Hideaki Kishi, MD; Takuto Hideyama, MD, PhD; Shigeru Kawai, MD; Satoshi Yanagimoto, MD; Hiroyasu Sato, MD, PhD; Hajime Arahata, MD, PhD; Shigeo Murayama, MD, PhD; Kayoko Saito, MD, PhD; Hideo Hara, MD, PhD; Takashi Kanda, MD, PhD; Hiroshi Yaguchi, MD, PhD; Noboru Imai, MD, PhD; Yuichi Kawagashira, MD, PhD; Mitsuru Sanada, MD, PhD; Kazuki Obara, MD; Misako Kaido, MD, PhD; Minori Furuta, MD; Takashi Kurashige, MD, PhD; Wataru Hara, MD; Daisuke Kuzume, MD; Mamoru Yamamoto, MD; Jun Tsugawa, MD; Hitaru Kishida, MD, PhD; Naoki Ishizuka, MD; Kohei Morimoto, MD; Yukio Tsuji, MD, PhD; Atsuko Tsuneyama, MD; Atsuhiro Matsuno, MD; Ryo Sasaki, MD; Daigo Tamakoshi, MD; Erika Abe, MD, PhD; Shinichiro Yamada, MD; Akiyuki Uzawa, MD, PhD.

Affiliations of OPDM_LRP12 Study Group Authors: Department of Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan (Mori-Yoshimura, Oya); Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan (Ono); Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (Shimizu, Kawata); Department of Neurology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan (Shimohama); Department of Neurology, Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, Osaka, Japan (Toyooka); Department of Neurology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan (Endo); Department of Neurology, Nitobe Memorial Nakano General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (Toru); Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan (O. Sasaki, Isahaya); Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan (Takahashi); Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan (Iwasa); Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Kira); Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (T. Yamamoto, Uzawa); Department of Neurology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan (Kawamoto); Second Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Neurology, Department of Aging and Dementia, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan (Hamano); Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan (Sugie, Eura, Shiota); Department of Neurology, Chiba-East National Hospital, Chiba, Japan (Koide); Department of Neurology, Niigata City General Hospital, Niigata, Japan (Sekiya); Department of Neurology, Asahikawa Medical Center, Asahikawa, Japan (Kishi); Department of Neurology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan (Hideyama); Department of Neurology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan (Kawai, Yanagimoto); Department of Neurology, Hematology, Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan (Sato); Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Omuta National Hospital, Omuta, Japan (Arahata); Department of Neurology and Neuropathology (the Brain Bank for Aging Research), Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan (Murayama); Institute of Medical Genetics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan (Saito); Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan (H. Hara); Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan (Kanda); Department of Neurology, The Jikei University Kashiwa Hospital, Kashiwa, Japan (Yaguchi); Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Shizuoka Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan (Imai); Department of Neurology, Tsushima City Hospital, Aichi, Japan (Kawagashira); Department of Neurology, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Ishikawa, Japan (Sanada); Department of Neurology, Anjo Kosei Hospital, Aichi, Japan (Obara); Department of Neurology, Sakai City Medical Center, Osaka, Japan (Kaido); Department of Neurology, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan (Furuta); Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center, Chugoku Cancer Center, Kure, Japan (Kurashige); Department of Neurology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan (W. Hara); Department of Neurology, Chikamori Hospital, Kochi, Japan (Kuzume); Department of Neurology, Toyama University, Toyama, Japan (M. Yamamoto); Department of Neurology, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan (Tsugawa); Department of Neurology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan (Kishida); Division of Neurology and Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan (Ishizuka); Department of Neurology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan (Morimoto, Tsuji); Department of Neurology, Narita Red Cross Hospital, Chiba, Japan (Tsuneyama); Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan (Matsuno); Department of Neurology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan (R. Sasaki); Department of Neurology, Chukyo Hospital, Nagoya, Japan (Tamakoshi); Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Akita Hospital, Akita, Japan (Abe); Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (Yamada).

Author Contributions: Dr Nishino had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Drs Kumutpongpanich and Ogasawara contributed equally.

Concept and design: Kumutpongpanich, Ogasawara, Mori-Yoshimura, Obara, Tsugawa, Nishino.

Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Kumutpongpanich, Ogasawara, Ozaki, Ishiura, S. Tsuji, Mori-Yoshimura, Oya, Ono, Shimizu, Kawata, Shimohama, Toyooka, Endo, Toru, O. Sasaki, Isahaya, Takahashi, Iwasa, Kira, T. Yamamoto, Kawamoto, Hamano, Sugie, Eura, Shiota, Koide, Sekiya, Kishi, Hideyama, Kawai, Yanagimoto, Sato, Arahata, Murayama, Saito, H. Hara, Kanda, Yaguchi, Imai, Kawagashira, Sanada, Kaido, Furuta, Kurashige, W. Hara, Kuzume, M. Yamamoto, Kishida, Ishizuka, Morimoto, Y. Tsuji, Tsuneyama, Matsuno, R. Sasaki, Tamakoshi, Abe, Yamada, Uzawa, Minami, Hayashi, Noguchi, Iida, Nishino.

Drafting of the manuscript: Kumutpongpanich, Ogasawara, Ozaki, S. Tsuji, Mori-Yoshimura, Oya, Ono, Kawata, O. Sasaki, Kawamoto, Hamano, Sugie, Hideyama, Sato, H. Hara, Kawagashira, Obara, Furuta, Kuzume, Kishida, Ishizuka, R. Sasaki, Yamada, Iida.

Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Kumutpongpanich, Ogasawara, Ishiura, S. Tsuji, Shimizu, Shimohama, Toyooka, Endo, Toru, Isahaya, Takahashi, Iwasa, Kira, T. Yamamoto, Hamano, Eura, Shiota, Koide, Sekiya, Kishi, Kawai, Yanagimoto, Arahata, Murayama, Saito, Kanda, Yaguchi, Imai, Sanada, Kaido, Kurashige, W. Hara, M. Yamamoto, Tsugawa, Morimoto, Y. Tsuji, Tsuneyama, Matsuno, Tamakoshi, Abe, Uzawa, Minami, Hayashi, Noguchi, Nishino.

Statistical analysis: Kumutpongpanich, Ogasawara.

Obtained funding: Kawai, H. Hara, Iida, Nishino.

Administrative, technical, or material support: Ogasawara, Ozaki, Ishiura, Mori-Yoshimura, Oya, Ono, Shimizu, Kawata, Shimohama, Endo, O. Sasaki, Isahaya, Kira, T. Yamamoto, Kawamoto, Hamano, Sugie, Shiota, Koide, Kishi, Hideyama, Murayama, Saito, Kanda, Imai, Kawagashira, Sanada, Obara, Ishizuka, Matsuno, Uzawa, Hayashi, Iida, Nishino.

Supervision: S. Tsuji, Mori-Yoshimura, Kawata, Toyooka, Obara, Y. Tsuji, Uzawa, Nishino.

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Ogasawara reported receiving grants from JSPS KAKENHI 20K16612 outside the submitted work. Dr Ishiura reported receiving grants from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and The Kato Memorial Trust for Nambyo Research during the conduct of the study; and having a patent for diagnosis of OPDM pending. Dr S. Tsuji reported receiving grants from Nobelpharma Co Ltd; personal fees from Sanofi KK, Ono Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, and Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co Ltd outside the submitted work; and having a patent for diagnosis of OPDM pending. Dr Shimizu reported receiving grants from Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science and JSPS KAKENHI by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan outside the submitted work. Dr Kurashige reported receiving grants from Tsuchiya Foundation, Takeda Science Foundation, and Taiju Life Social Welfare Foundation outside the submitted work. Dr Noguchi reported receiving grants from Daiichi Sankyo Company and Astellas Pharma Inc outside the submitted work. Dr Nishino reported receiving honoraria from Sanofi and Japan Blood Products Organization; and a grant from Astellas Pharma Inc outside the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported.

Funding/Support: This study was supported partly by Intramural Research Grants (2-5 and 29-4 to Dr Nishino; 2-5 and 30-9 to Dr Iida) for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders of National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry and by AMED under grants 20ek0109490h0001 and JP19ek0109285h0003 (to Dr Nishino) and Joint Usage and Joint Research Programs, the Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University (2019, A19; 2020, 2A19 to Dr Iida).

Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funding sources had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Additional Contributions: We thank the patients and their families as their help and participation made this work possible. We appreciate the critical comments and advice received from Ikuya Nonaka, MD, PhD, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, who also performed pathological diagnosis of OPDM in several patients included in this study; he was not compensated for his contribution. We also thank Y. Tsutsumi, Diploma in Nutrition, K. Kanna, BS, K. Iwasawa, BS, N. Fushimi, Diploma in Biotechnology, K. Tatezawa, Associate Degree in Medical Technology, H. Nakamura, BS, and M. Ogawa, MS, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, for technical assistance; they were not compensated for their contributions.

Additional Information: The data supporting the findings of this study are available on request.

^✉

Corresponding author.

PMCID: PMC8164150 PMID: 34047774

Key Points

Question

What are the clinicopathologic features of oculopharyngodistal myopathy (OPDM) with CGG repeat expansions in LRP12 (hereafter referred to as OPDM_LRP12)?

Findings

In this case series, 65 Japanese patients with OPDM_LRP12 had 85 to 289 CGG repeats in LRP12; most of these patients showed adult-onset myopathy with ptosis, dysphagia and dysarthria, predominant gastrocnemius and soleus muscle involvement, and rimmed vacuoles. Five patients developed respiratory insufficiency that required mechanical ventilation; 7 patients showed cardiac abnormalities.

Meaning

This study suggests that OPDM_LRP12 is the most frequent OPDM subtype in Japan and is clinically characterized by predominant gastrocnemius and soleus muscle involvement in addition to oculopharyngeal weakness.

Abstract

Importance

Repeat expansion of CGG in LRP12 has been identified as the causative variation of oculopharyngodistal myopathy (OPDM). However, to our knowledge, the clinicopathologic features of OPDM with CGG repeat expansion in LRP12 (hereafter referred to as OPDM_LRP12) remain unknown.

Objective

To identify and characterize the clinicopathologic features of patients with OPDM_LRP12.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This case series included 208 patients with a clinical or clinicopathologic diagnosis of oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPDM) from January 1, 1978, to December 31, 2020. Patients with GCN repeat expansions in PABPN1 were excluded from the study. Repeat expansions of CGG in LRP12 were screened by repeat primed polymerase chain reaction and/or Southern blot.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Clinical information, muscle imaging data obtained by either computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, and muscle pathologic characteristics.

Results

Sixty-five Japanese patients with OPDM (40 men [62%]; mean [SD] age at onset, 41.0 [10.1] years) from 59 families with CGG repeat expansions in LRP12 were identified. This represents the most common OPDM subtype among all patients in Japan with genetically diagnosed OPDM. The expansions ranged from 85 to 289 repeats. A negative correlation was observed between the repeat size and the age at onset (r² = 0.188, P = .001). The most common initial symptoms were ptosis and muscle weakness, present in 24 patients (37%). Limb muscle weakness was predominantly distal in 53 of 64 patients (83%), but 2 of 64 patients (3%) had predominantly proximal muscle weakness. Ptosis was observed in 62 of 64 patients (97%), and dysphagia or dysarthria was observed in 63 of 64 patients (98%). A total of 21 of 64 patients (33%) had asymmetric muscle weakness. Aspiration pneumonia was seen in 11 of 64 patients (17%), and 5 of 64 patients (8%) required mechanical ventilation. Seven of 64 patients (11%) developed cardiac abnormalities, and 5 of 64 patients (8%) developed neurologic abnormalities. Asymmetric muscle involvement was detected on computed tomography scans in 6 of 27 patients (22%) and on magnetic resonance imaging scans in 4 of 15 patients (27%), with the soleus and the medial head of the gastrocnemius being the worst affected. All 42 muscle biopsy samples showed rimmed vacuoles. Intranuclear tubulofilamentous inclusions were observed in only 1 of 5 patients.

Conclusions and Relevance

This study suggests that OPDM_LRP12 is the most frequent OPDM subtype in Japan and is characterized by oculopharyngeal weakness, distal myopathy that especially affects the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles, and rimmed vacuoles in muscle biopsy.

This case series identifies and characterizes the clinicopathologic features of patients with oculopharyngodistal myopathy with CGG repeat expansion in LRP12.

Introduction

Oculopharyngodistal myopathy (OPDM) is a rare, clinicopathologically defined, hereditary muscle disease that was first described in 4 Japanese families by Satoyoshi and Kinoshita in 1977.¹ Since then, nearly 200 patients of different ethnicities with OPDM have been reported.^{2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12} Patients with OPDM typically exhibit late-onset, slowly progressive ptosis, ophthalmoplegia, dysphagia, dysarthria, and facial muscle weakness, in addition to predominantly distal muscle involvement, and show rimmed vacuoles on muscle pathologic findings.^1,7 In 2019, the expansion of CGG repeats in the noncoding region of LRP12 (OMIM 618299) was reported as a cause of OPDM.¹³ Subsequently, CGG repeat expansions in the 5′ untranslated region of GIPC1 (OMIM 605072) and NOTCH2NLC (OMIM 618025) were also reported as causative for OPDM.^14,15,16,17 In this article, OPDM associated with the CGG repeat expansions in LRP12, GIPC1, and NOTCH2NLC will be referred to as OPDM_LRP12, OPDM_GIPC1, and OPDM_NOTCH2NLC, respectively. To our knowledge, clinicopathologic features of OPDM_LRP12 have not been well described. Therefore, we aimed to identify patients with OPDM_LRP12 and characterize their clinical and histopathologic features.

Methods

Inclusion Criteria

The National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry functions as a referral center in Japan for patients with muscular diseases. Among the patients whose samples were sent to the National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry from January 1, 1978, to December 31, 2020, for diagnostic purposes, we searched for patients who were suspected to have OPDM or oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) based on oculopharyngeal weakness and/or rimmed vacuoles detected in muscle biopsy samples. We excluded patients with GCN repeat expansions in PABPN1 (OMIM 602279). A total of 208 Japanese patients from 198 unrelated families were screened for CGG repeat expansion in LRP12. Among these, muscle biopsies were available from 112 families, and rimmed vacuoles were observed in 65 patients. The remaining 86 families received a clinical diagnosis of OPDM or OPMD (Figure 1).^14,15 The National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry ethical committee approved this study; all participants provided written informed consent.

Figure 1. — A total of 198 families with clinical or clinicopathologic diagnoses of oculopharyngodistal myopathy (OPDM) or oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) were screened for CGG repeat expansion. Patients with GCN repeats in *PABPN1* were excluded. Muscle biopsy samples were available from 112 families, and the samples from 65 families showed rimmed vacuoles. Among the samples with rimmed vacuoles, repeat expansion was identified in the samples from 54 families (42 in *LRP12,* 5 in *GIPC1*, and 7 in *NOTCH2NLC*). No sequence variant was identified in 47 families that did not show rimmed vacuoles in muscle biopsy samples.

^aPatients with OPDM_GIPC1 and OPDM_NOTCH2NLC have been previously reported and described.^14,15

Genetic Analysis

The OPDM_LRP12 in 19 patients was previously diagnosed using repeat-primed polymerase chain reaction (RP-PCR)¹³; the remaining patients had OPDM_LRP12 that was diagnosed by Southern blot analysis, which detects CGG repeat expansions in LRP12.¹³ The CGG repeats in GIPC1 and NOTCH2NLC were also evaluated by RP-PCR, fragment analysis, and/or Southern blot analysis.^14,15

Clinical Information

The clinical information of patients with confirmed OPDM_LRP12 was rereviewed from the records maintained in the muscle repository. For comparison, we used the clinical data of 10 previously described patients with OPDM_GIPC1 and 7 previously described patients with OPDM_NOTCH2NLC,^14,15 in addition to 1 recently identified woman with OPDM_GIPC1 (onset at age 62 years; 93 CGG repeats). We reviewed laboratory test information, including results of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; n = 32) and creatine kinase level. Asymmetric muscle involvement is clinically defined by at least 1 of the following symptoms: apparent asymmetric ptosis or facial muscle weakness, 2-grade side-to-side difference on the manual muscle testing scale, and 2-fold difference in grip strength.

Imaging Data

Axial muscle computed tomography and MRI data of the lower extremities were available for 27 and 15 patients, respectively. Each side of the midthigh and distal muscles in the same patient was evaluated separately. The areas of signal hyperintensity in the MRI T1W sequences and the hypodense lesions on computed tomography scans were interpreted as areas of adipose tissue replacement. The extent of adipose tissue replacement and the distribution in muscles were evaluated by staging with a modified Mercuri scale.^18,19 Asymmetric involvement was judged by comparing side-to-side modified Mercuri scale score differences. A difference of at least 2 points in at least 1 muscle was regarded as asymmetry.²⁰

Histologic Findings

Muscle biopsy was performed for 42 patients. Although various biopsy sites were chosen by physicians for diagnostic purposes, the biceps brachii muscle was most frequently biopsied (26 of 42 [62%]) (eTable 1 in the Supplement). A battery of histochemical tests was performed for all biopsy samples. Immunohistochemistry, including that for neonatal myosin heavy chain and anti-p62/SQSTM1, was performed for 38 and 20 samples, respectively. For 4 patients with OPDM_LRP12, immunohistochemistry for SUMO-1, phospho-p62/SQSTM1 (Ser351), poly-ubiquitinated proteins, and caveolin-3 antibodies was also performed. An immunohistochemical protocol was applied as previously described.¹⁵ Glutaraldehyde-fixed, Epon-embedded samples from 5 patients were analyzed by electron microscopy.

Statistical Analysis

Statistical analyses were conducted using GraphPad Prism, version 5.03 for Windows (GraphPad Software). One-way analysis of variance with the Tukey post hoc test and the Fisher exact test was used to ascertain the differences between OPDM_LRP12, OPDM_GIPC1, and OPDM_NOTCH2NLC. A coefficient of determination was used to find the association between the expansion size of CGG repeats and the age at onset. The t test was performed to ascertain the association between the 2 variables. All P values were from 1-sided tests and results were deemed statistically significant at P < .05.

Results

Genetic Analysis and Identification of Patients With OPDM_LRP12

We identified a total of 65 patients (59 families) with OPDM_LRP12. Southern blot analysis was performed for 60 patients, while the remaining 5 patients were diagnosed only by use of RP-PCR owing to low amounts of DNA. The estimated repeat size in 60 patients ranged from 85 to 289 repeats (vs 13-45 repeats in control individuals¹³). Eight patients had mosaicism in CGG repeats (eTable 2 in the Supplement).

Clinical Findings

Thirty-three of 59 probands (56%) were sporadic. First-degree relatives in different generations were affected in 11 of 59 probands (19%). Fifteen of 59 probands (25%) had affected siblings or distant relatives, suggesting autosomal dominant inheritance (eTable 2 in the Supplement). Among the 52 paitents with OPDM_LRP12 who did not have mosaicism, a negative correlation was observed between the repeat size and the age at onset (r² = 0.188; P = .001) (Figure 2A). However, the father (family 1, I-1) of patient 14 (family 1, II-3) and patient 27 (family 1, II-1), harboring mosaicism (336 and 364 repeats, respectively), did not show any symptoms (Figure 2B and C). In addition, the sibling of patient 58 (family 2, III-4) who harbored 63 CGG repeats was asymptomatic (Figure 2D and E).

Figure 2. — A, Regression analysis between CGG repeat expansion size and the age at onset (r² = 0.188; P = .001; n = 52). B, Pedigree of family 1. C, Southern blot analysis of family 1; patients 14 (II-3) and 27 (II-1) showed expansions of 144 and 140 CGG repeats, respectively. Their asymptomatic father (I-1) has mosaicism (arrows) and harbors 336 and 364 CGG repeats. Their mother (I-2) does not exhibit CGG expansion. D, Pedigree of family 2. E, Southern blot analysis of family 2; patients 57 (IV-2), 58 (III-2), and 59 (II-5) revealed mosaicism (219 and 289) and expansions of 85 and 127 repeats, respectively. The other 2 family members (III-4 and II-4) without symptoms harbor expansions of 63 and 49 repeats, respectively.

Men (40 patients [62%]) were 1.6 times more frequently represented in the patient group than women (25 patients [39%]) (Table). The mean (SD) age at onset was 41.0 (10.1) years (range, 17-62 years), with first symptoms occurring in patients in their 30s or later (59 patients [91%]). No difference in the mean (SD) age at onset was observed between sexes (men: 40.9 [10.7] years; women: 41.4 [9.1] years; P = .85).

Table. Summary of Clinical Findings of 65 Patients With OPDM_LRP12 Compared With 11 Patients With OPDM_GIPC1 and 7 Patients With OPDM_NOTCH2NLC.

Clinical finding	No./total No. (%)			P value
Clinical finding	OPDM_LRP12 (n = 65)	OPDM_GIPC1 (n = 11)	OPDM_NOTCH2NLC (n = 7)	OPDM_LRP12 and OPDM_GIPC1	OPDM_LRP12 and OPDM_NOTCH2NLC
Sex
Men	40/65 (62)	6/11 (55)	4/7 (57)	.33	>.99
Women	25/65 (39)	5/11 (46)	3/7 (43)	.33	>.99
Age at onset, mean (SD) [range], y	41.0 (10.1) [17-62]	42.4 (13.5) [17-62]	33.1 (23.5) [1-68]
<20	1/65 (2)	1/11 (9)	2/7 (29)	.93	.23
20-29	5/65 (8)	2/11 (18)	2/7 (29)
30-39	25/65 (39)	1/11 (9)	0/7
40-49	20/65 (31)	2/11 (18)	1/7 (14)
50-59	11/65 (17)	4/11 (36)	1/7 (14)
≥60	3/65 (5)	1/11 (9)	1/7 (14)
Initial symptom
Ptosis	24/65 (37)	6/11 (55)	1/7 (14)	.33	.41
Dysphagia	5/65 (8)	2/11 (18)	0/7	.27	>.99
Dysarthria or nasal voice	7/65 (11)	0/11	0/7	.58	>.99
Limb muscle weakness	24/65 (37)	4/11 (36)	3/7 (43)	>.99	>.99
Facial weakness	7/65 (11)	2/11 (18)	0/7	.61	>.99
Distribution of muscle weakness
Distal > proximal	53/64 (83)	8/11 (73)	5/7 (71)	.42	.60
Proximal > distal	2/64 (3)	3/11 (27)	1/7 (14)	.02^a	.27
Distal = proximal	7/64 (11)	0/11	1/7 (14)	.58	.58
No weakness	2/64 (3)	0/11	0/7	>.99	>.99
Frequency of main clinical features
Ptosis	62/64 (97)	11/11 (100)	7/7 (100)	>.99	>.99
Ophthalmoplegia	53/64 (83)	10/11 (91)	7/7 (100)	.68	.59
Bulbar muscle weakness	63/64 (98)	10//11 (91)	7/7 (100)	.27	>.99
Limb muscle weakness	63/65 (97)	11/11 (100)	7/7 (100)	>.99	>.99
Facial weakness	59/64 (92)	8/11 (73)	5/7 (71)	.09	.14
Cardiomyopathy	2/64 (3)	0/11	0/7	>.99	>.99
Ventilator dependent	5/64 (8)	0/11	0/7	>.99	>.99
Loss of ambulation	14/64 (22)	0/11	1/7 (14)	.11	>.99
CK level, mean (SD) [range], IU/L	470 (331) [30-1674]	606 (637) [11-2146]	779 (670) [63-1886]	.58	.16

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Abbreviations: CK, creatine kinase; OPDM, oculopharyngodistal myopathy.

SI conversion factor: To convert CK to microkatals per liter, multiply by 0.0167.

^{^a}

P < .05.

The Table summarizes the clinical features of patients with OPDM_LRP12 and their comparison with patients with other OPDM subtypes. The 2 most common initial presenting symptoms were limb muscle weakness (n = 24 [37%]) and ptosis (n = 24 [37%]). Fifty-three of 64 patients (83%) showed predominantly distal muscle weakness; however, 2 of 64 patients (3%) presented with predominantly proximal muscle weakness. Both patients who presented with predominantly proximal muscle weakness initially received a diagnosis of OPMD. Ptosis developed during the course of the disease in 62 of 64 patients (97%), bulbar muscle weakness developed in 63 of 64 patients (98%), and limb muscle weakness developed in 63 of 65 patients (97%) patients. Ophthalmoplegia was observed in 53 of 64 patients (83%). The results of physical examination revealed asymmetric muscle involvement in 21 of 64 patients (33%). Fourteen of 64 patients (22%) lost their ambulation within the age range of 40 to 81 years (mean [SD] age, 53.9 [11.0] years), and the disease duration until becoming nonambulatory ranged between 7 and 41 years (mean [SD] duration, 19.4 [9.1] years). The serum creatine kinase level was mildly elevated at a mean (SD) of 470 (331) IU/L (range, 30-1674 IU/L; to convert to microkatals per liter, multiply by 0.0167) in 48 of 62 patients (77%) (eTable 2 in the Supplement).

Fifty-nine of 64 patients (92%) showed no significant central nervous system manifestations. One patient developed dementia in their 80s; another developed idiopathic Parkinson disease in their 70s. Three patients had mild cognitive impairment between 50 and 60 years of age (eTable 2 in the Supplement). Of 32 patients who underwent brain MRI, 22 showed no apparent abnormalities, 8 showed only age-related abnormalities (including mild cortical atrophy), and 2 had a lesion corresponding to a previous ischemic stroke.

Respiratory symptoms were observed in 22 of 64 patients (34%). Five of 64 patients (8%) between 48 and 80 years of age (mean [SD] age, 61.4 [12.9] years) developed respiratory insufficiency that required noninvasive positive pressure ventilation. Three of these patients were ambulatory at the time of becoming ventilator dependent. Tracheostomy and/or laryngectomy was performed for 3 patients. Eleven of 64 patients (17%) had at least 1 episode of aspiration pneumonia (Table; eTable 2 in the Supplement).

Two patients developed cardiomyopathy of undetermined cause. Five patients experienced atrial fibrillation, and 3 of them developed chronic heart failure, second-degree atrioventricular block, and dilated cardiomyopathy, respectively. One patient (patient 19) developed acute heart failure; an echocardiogram after clinical improvement revealed no abnormal ventricular motion (Table; eTable 2 in the Supplement). The remaining 57 of 64 patients (89%) showed no significant cardiac abnormalities.

Muscle Imaging

Distal leg muscles were more seriously affected than the thigh muscles, with mean (SD) modified Mercuri scale scores of 2.34 (0.55) vs 1.59 (0.38) for computed tomography (P < .001) and 2.06 (0.60) vs 1.46 (0.49) for MRI (P < .001). Asymmetric muscle involvement was observed on computed tomography scans of 6 of 27 patients (22%) and on MRI scans of 4 of 15 patients (27%). Among the thigh muscles, the long head of the biceps femoris, the adductor magnus, and the semimembranosus were the most affected, whereas the gracilis, the rectus femoris, and the adductor longus were the least affected (Figure 3A and B).

Figure 3. — A, Mean modified Mercuri scale score determined by T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of 15 patients with OPDM_LRP12. B, Mean modified Mercuri scale score determined by computed tomography (CT) for 27 patients with OPDM_LRP12. C, Skeletal muscle imaging for patients with OPDM with LRP12 variations. Muscle imaging scans for patients 7 and 20 are shown. The distal muscles were affected earlier and more severely than the proximal muscles. Asymmetrical involvement was observed in the gluteus muscle and the lower legs (blue arrowheads). In the lower legs, the earliest and most severe involvement was observed in the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles. In the upper legs, the adductor magnus, semimembranosus, and short head of the biceps femoris were more affected, whereas the rectus femoris and gracilis muscles were usually preserved in patients with OPDM_LRP12 (pink arrowheads).

Among the distal leg muscles, the soleus and the medial head of the gastrocnemius were most affected, whereas the tibialis posterior, the flexor digitorum, and the peroneus brevis were the least affected (Figure 3A and B). The chronological imaging data from 1 patient (patient 7) showed that the rectus femoris and gracilis muscles were relatively well preserved, even at the advanced stage (Figure 3C).

Pathologic Findings

Chronic myopathic changes with rimmed vacuoles and small angular fibers were observed in all 42 patients. A few necrotic fibers were observed, but only in 2 of 42 patients (5%). Variable degrees of endomysial fibrosis and fat infiltration were observed, especially during the later stages of the disease. Fibers with internal nuclei were also observed in all 42 patients, and type 2C fibers were observed in 39 of 42 patients (93%). Immunohistochemistry revealed a dotlike deposition of p62, most of which corresponded to rimmed vacuoles, in all 20 patients tested (Figure 4A-C; eTable 3 in the Supplement). Neonatal myosin heavy chain–positive fibers were observed in all 38 patients. Intramyonuclear inclusions were stained by anti-SUMO1, anti–phospho-p62/SQSTM1, and anti–poly-ubiquitinated protein antibodies in all 4 patients (Figure 4D-O).

Figure 4. — A, B, and C, Biopsies from the left biceps brachii of patient 21, who has had the disease for 8 years, are shown. Scale bar: 20 μm. A, Moderate to marked fiber size variation and fibers with internal nuclei are seen on hematoxylin-eosin stain. B, Fibers with rimmed vacuole and moderate fibrous tissue infiltration are seen on modified Gomori trichrome stain. C, The dotlike deposition of p62 can be observed in muscle fibers. Staining with anti–SUMO-1 antibody (D), anti–caveolin-3 antibody (E, I, M), 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (F, J, N), anti-p62 (H), and anti–poly-ubiquitinated protein antibody (L). G, K, and O show merged immunohistochemistry. D to O, Scale bar: 10 μm. P and Q, Electron microscopy images of the biopsied left biceps brachii muscle from patient 10, in their late 60s. Scale bars are 1 μm for P and 200 nm for Q: Intranuclear tubulofilamentous inclusions (mean [SD] diameter, 17.3 [1.4] nm) are shown. R and S, Electron microscopy images of the biopsied left deltoid from patient 14, in their late 30s. Scale bars are 1 μm for R and 200 nm for S: Cytoplasmic tubulofilamentous inclusions (diameter, 10 nm) are shown.

All samples analyzed by electron microscopy showed nuclear abnormalities, including hyperchromicity and an irregular, fragmented appearance, albeit only in less than 1% of the nuclei. Tubulofilamentous intranuclear inclusions were observed in only 1 patient (patient 10), and the mean (SD) diameter of the inclusions was 17.3 (1.4) nm. Only patient 14 had cytoplasmic filaments of approximately 10-nm diameter, instead of intranuclear inclusions (Figure 4P-S).

Discussion

We have so far identified 65, 11, and 7 Japanese patients with OPDM_LRP12, OPDM_GIPC1, and OPDM_NOTCH2NLC, respectively (Table).^14,15 Therefore, we believe that CGG expansion in LRP12 may be the most common cause of OPDM in Japan, accounting for 78% of patients with genetically confirmed OPDM. Although patients with OPDM have been reported in various countries, OPDM_LRP12 has only been reported from Japan, except for 2 patients from China where OPDM_GIPC1 seems to be the most common subtype.^{2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,16,17} Ishiura et al¹³ reported that patients with OPDM_LRP12 share a specific haplotype, suggesting a founder effect, which may explain the high frequency of OPDM_LRP12 in Japan.

Approximately 56% of the probands in our cohort were sporadic. However, we believe that the inheritance pattern of OPDM_LRP12 is autosomal dominant because 11 probands had affected relatives in consecutive generations. Furthermore, the father of 1 proband (family 1 I-1) harbored longer CGG repeats than those in the proband but remained asymptomatic. In contrast, genetic anticipation was observed in family 2, in which a daughter had a longer expansion than the mother (patients III-2 and IV-2). The presence of genetic anticipation or incomplete penetrance due to epigenetic factors may explain why many patients have been described as sporadic.²¹

Among the 65 patients with OPDM_LRP12, men were 1.6 times more frequently represented than women. A similar male predominance was not observed in patients with OPDM_GIPC1 (6 of 11 [55%]) or in patients with OPDM_NOTCH2NLC (4 of 7 [57%]), suggesting that male predominance may be a distinguishing clinical feature of OPDM_LRP12.^14,15 Previously, 17β-estradiol was shown to regulate the expression of LRP12 during osteoblast differentiation.²² One plausible hypothesis is that differences in sex hormone levels may affect the penetrance in OPDM_LRP12.

Some patients with OPDM_LRP12 initially presented with proximal muscle weakness, which may be indistinguishable from OPMD. In contrast, some patients with OPMD presented with predominantly distal muscle weakness.²³ These results demonstrate the phenotypic overlap between OPDM and OPMD, indicating the necessity of genetic analysis for differentiating patients with OPDM from patients with OPMD.

Respiratory muscle involvement is a complication in several hereditary muscle diseases.²⁴ In the early stage of the disease, none of the patients with OPDM_LRP12 exhibited respiratory symptoms. However, respiratory insufficiency was observed during later stages of the disease. The onset of respiratory compromise may occur before the ambulatory loss that may reflect the notable respiratory muscle involvement in OPDM_LRP12. The prominent weakness of bulbar muscles in patients with OPDM_LRP12 may be associated with aspiration and upper airway obstruction, which further compromises the pulmonary function of these patients. Therefore, attention needs to be given to the pulmonary function of patients with OPDM_LRP12, especially those with advanced stages of the disease.

Asymmetric muscle involvement was diagnosed clinically by physical examination in 33% of patients with OPDM_LRP12 and in 22% to 27% of the patients by imaging. Similar findings were observed in a study from China examining patients with OPDM_GIPC1 (21%) and patients with OPDM_NOTCH2NLC (33%), suggesting that the OPDM subtypes may induce myodegeneration by a similar mechanism.^5,15

For patients with OPDM_LRP12, skeletal muscle imaging revealed more prominent involvement of the distal muscles. The soleus and the medial heads of the gastrocnemius muscles were the earliest and most severely affected. This pattern of muscle involvement was similar to that observed in the Chinese cohort of patients with OPDM_GIPC1 or OPDM_NOTCH2NLC, which implies that this pattern of muscle involvement may be common to all or most OPDM subtypes rather than being specific to OPDM_LRP12.^5,14,15,16

Cardiac muscles express high levels of LRP12.²⁵ Although 57 of 64 patients (89%) had no cardiac abnormalities, the other patients developed atrial fibrillation, cardiomyopathy, or heart failure, suggesting that cardiac muscles are also affected in a small proportion of patients with OPDM_LRP12. However, any conclusions cannot be drawn at the moment because our study has certain limitations. For example, cardiac function was not fully studied in all patients, which warrants further studies with long-term follow-up.

All patients with OPDM_NOTCH2NLC exhibited central nervous system abnormalities, such as leukodystrophy, hearing loss, and cerebellar symptoms.¹⁵ However, most patients (>90%) with OPDM_LRP12 showed no central nervous system abnormalities. The frequency of patients with OPDM_LRP12 and mild cognitive impairment (5%) did not exceed the frequency in the healthy population.^26,27 Only 1 patient developed dementia from an unspecified cause at 81 years of age. Ma et al²⁸ reported an association between CGG repeat expansion in NOTCH2NLC and typical idiopathic Parkinson disease. Nonetheless, no definite correlation could be concluded in OPDM_LRP12 because only 1 patient experienced Parkinson disease. In addition, brain MRI scans for 32 patients with OPDM_LRP12 revealed no significant abnormalities except for age-related changes or a previous stroke lesion. Thus, compared with OPDM_NOTCH2NLC, OPDM_LRP12 is more likely to be a pure myopathy.

So far, all patients with genetically confirmed OPDM_LRP12, OPDM_GIPC1, or OPDM_NOTCH2NLC have shown rimmed vacuoles in muscle fibers except for 1 patient from China.^2,14,16,29 In our cohort, 83% of patients with OPDM with the presence of rimmed vacuoles had variations in either LRP12, GIPC1, or NOTCH2NLC (Figure 1).^14,15 In contrast, all 47 families who were clinically suspected of having OPDM but who lacked rimmed vacuoles in muscle biopsy samples did not have CGG repeat expansions in any of these 3 genes, suggesting that the existence of rimmed vacuoles is a distinctive feature of OPDM compared with its mimics.

Using immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy, we found p62-stained intramyonuclear inclusions in patients with OPDM_LRP12; these were also reported in patients with OPDM_GIPC1 or OPDM_NOTCH2NLC.^14,15 Despite being observed in only 1 patient, the intranuclear tubulofilamentous inclusion (mean [SD] diameter, 17.3 [1.4] nm) was larger than the 8.5 nm and 12.6 nm reported for OPMD and OPDM_NOTCH2NLC, respectively.^15,30 Furthermore, filaments in OPDM_NOTCH2NLC show an electron light halo around the nucleus, whereas filaments in OPDM_LRP12 do not, suggesting that the inclusion components may differ among OPDM_LRP12, OPMD, and OPDM_NOTCH2NLC.¹⁵

The fact that CGG repeat expansions have been found in all 3 OPDM subtypes indicates that the subtypes share a common pathomechanism, albeit the details are unknown. One possible hypothesis may be an RNA-dependent gain-of-function mechanism, which has been described in disorders with repeat expansions in the 5′ untranslated region, such as fragile X–associated tremor/ataxia syndrome and fragile X syndrome.^31,32 The expanded CGG repeat may trigger the formation of RNA foci, which sequester RNA-binding proteins and are cytotoxic.³³ Alternatively, repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation, which produces the toxic RAN protein, is also pathogenic in fragile X–associated tremor/ataxia syndrome and fragile X syndrome.³⁴ In these conditions, RAN proteins produced from CGG repeats, such as polyglycine, co-localize with the ubiquitinated inclusions.³⁴ Because similar intranuclear inclusions are seen in OPDM, it may be reasonable to hypothesize that RAN proteins are pathogenic in OPDM as well.

Moreover, the father of patient 14 and patient 27 in the present study remained asymptomatic despite having the longest CGG repeat length among the family members. A possible explanation is that a longer expansion beyond a certain length may cause hypermethylation in the promoter region of LRP12, thereby silencing the gene transcription, which would otherwise result in the production of toxic mRNA.³⁵

Triplet repeat disorders commonly show a correlation between disease onset and the repeat length.^{36,37,38,39,40} In our cohort, a negative correlation between the repeats and the age at onset was observed by regression analysis (r² = 0.188; P = .001). A similar correlation between repeat length and age at onset was also reported in patients with OPDM_GIPC1 but was not observed in those with OPDM_NOTCH2NLC.^14,15,16 This observation suggests that OPDM_LRP12 may have a pathogenic mechanism more similar to that of OPDM_GIPC1 than to that of OPDM_NOTCH2NLC.

Limitations

This study has some limitations. First, detailed clinical information, including cardiac function and long-term follow-up data, was not available from all patients, which may have influenced the results of this study. Second, this is a single-center study and thus needs confirmation by other groups. Third, the pathomechanism of the disease was not investigated.

Conclusions

This study suggests that OPDM_LRP12 is the most frequent OPDM subtype in Japan. It is clinicopathologically characterized by predominant gastrocnemius and soleus muscle involvement, in addition to oculopharyngeal weakness and rimmed vacuoles.

Supplement.

eTable 1. List of Biopsied Muscles in 42 OPDM_LRP12 Patients

eTable 2. Detailed Clinical Findings of 65 OPDM_LRP12 Patients From 59 Families

eTable 3. Summary of Histopathological Findings in 42 OPDM_LRP12 Patients

Click here for additional data file.^{(216KB, pdf)}

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31.Oostra BA, Willemsen R. A fragile balance: FMR1 expression levels. Hum Mol Genet. 2003;12(Spec No 2):R249-R257. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddg298 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
32.Hagerman PJ, Hagerman RJ. The fragile-X premutation: a maturing perspective. Am J Hum Genet. 2004;74(5):805-816. doi: 10.1086/386296 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
33.Jin P, Zarnescu DC, Zhang F, et al. RNA-mediated neurodegeneration caused by the fragile X premutation rCGG repeats in Drosophila. Neuron. 2003;39(5):739-747. doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00533-6 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
34.Cleary JD, Pattamatta A, Ranum LPW. Repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation. J Biol Chem. 2018;293(42):16127-16141. doi: 10.1074/jbc.R118.003237 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
35.Oostra BA, Willemsen R. FMR1: a gene with three faces. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009;1790(6):467-477. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.02.007 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
36.Richard P, Trollet C, Stojkovic T, et al. ; Neurologists of French Neuromuscular Reference Centers CORNEMUS and FILNEMUS . Correlation between PABPN1 genotype and disease severity in oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy. Neurology. 2017;88(4):359-365. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003554 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
37.Brook JD, McCurrach ME, Harley HG, et al. Molecular basis of myotonic dystrophy: expansion of a trinucleotide (CTG) repeat at the 3′ end of a transcript encoding a protein kinase family member. Cell. 1992;68(4):799-808. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90154-5 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
38.Andrew SE, Goldberg YP, Kremer B, et al. The relationship between trinucleotide (CAG) repeat length and clinical features of Huntington’s disease. Nat Genet. 1993;4(4):398-403. doi: 10.1038/ng0893-398 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
39.Budworth H, McMurray CT. A brief history of triplet repeat diseases. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1010:3-17. doi: 10.1007/978-1-62703-411-1_1 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
40.Paulson H. Repeat expansion diseases. Handb Clin Neurol. 2018;147:105-123. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63233-3.00009-9 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Supplement.

eTable 1. List of Biopsied Muscles in 42 OPDM_LRP12 Patients

eTable 2. Detailed Clinical Findings of 65 OPDM_LRP12 Patients From 59 Families

eTable 3. Summary of Histopathological Findings in 42 OPDM_LRP12 Patients

Click here for additional data file.^{(216KB, pdf)}

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PERMALINK

Clinicopathologic Features of Oculopharyngodistal Myopathy With LRP12 CGG Repeat Expansions Compared With Other Oculopharyngodistal Myopathy Subtypes

Theerawat Kumutpongpanich, MD

Masashi Ogasawara, MD

Ayami Ozaki, MD

Hiroyuki Ishiura, MD, PhD

Shoji Tsuji, MD, PhD

Narihiro Minami, MSc

Shinichiro Hayashi, PhD

Satoru Noguchi, PhD

Aritoshi Iida, PhD

Ichizo Nishino, MD, PhD

Madoka Mori-Yoshimura, MD, PhD

Yasushi Oya, MD, PhD

Kenjiro Ono, MD, PhD

Toshio Shimizu, MD, PhD

Akihiro Kawata, MD, PhD

Shun Shimohama, MD, PhD

Keiko Toyooka, MD, PhD

Kaoru Endo, MD, PhD

Shuta Toru, MD, PhD

Oga Sasaki, MD

Kenji Isahaya, MD

Masanori P Takahashi, MD, PhD

Kazuo Iwasa, MD, PhD

Jun-Ichi Kira, MD, PhD

Tatsuya Yamamoto, MD, PhD

Michi Kawamoto, MD

Tadanori Hamano, MD, PhD

Kazuma Sugie, MD, PhD

Nobuyuki Eura, MD, PhD

Tomo Shiota, MD

Mizuho Koide, MD

Kanako Sekiya, MD

Hideaki Kishi, MD

Takuto Hideyama, MD, PhD

Shigeru Kawai, MD

Satoshi Yanagimoto, MD

Hiroyasu Sato, MD, PhD

Hajime Arahata, MD, PhD

Shigeo Murayama, MD, PhD

Kayoko Saito, MD, PhD

Hideo Hara, MD, PhD

Takashi Kanda, MD, PhD

Hiroshi Yaguchi, MD, PhD

Noboru Imai, MD, PhD

Yuichi Kawagashira, MD, PhD

Mitsuru Sanada, MD, PhD

Kazuki Obara, MD

Misako Kaido, MD, PhD

Minori Furuta, MD

Takashi Kurashige, MD, PhD

Wataru Hara, MD

Daisuke Kuzume, MD

Mamoru Yamamoto, MD

Jun Tsugawa, MD

Hitaru Kishida, MD, PhD

Naoki Ishizuka, MD

Kohei Morimoto, MD

Yukio Tsuji, MD, PhD

Atsuko Tsuneyama, MD

Atsuhiro Matsuno, MD

Ryo Sasaki, MD

Daigo Tamakoshi, MD

Erika Abe, MD, PhD

Shinichiro Yamada, MD

Akiyuki Uzawa, MD, PhD

Key Points

Question

Findings

Meaning

Abstract

Importance

Objective

Design, Setting, and Participants

Main Outcomes and Measures

Results

Conclusions and Relevance

Introduction

Methods