ABO system combination with Rh, Kell and MN group in Georgian blood donors

Marina Nagervadze; Irine Tsintsadze; Leila Akhvlediani; Tea Koiava; Sophiko Tskvitinidze; Rusudan Khukhunaishvili; Marina Koridze

. 2021 Apr 15;11(2):132–139.

ABO system combination with Rh, Kell and MN group in Georgian blood donors

Marina Nagervadze ^1,², Irine Tsintsadze ^1,², Leila Akhvlediani ^1,², Tea Koiava ³, Sophiko Tskvitinidze ^2,³, Rusudan Khukhunaishvili ¹, Marina Koridze ¹

PMCID: PMC8165715 PMID: 34079626

Abstract

There are numerous scientific data about the study of the prevalence of blood group antigens in the different donor population. Several studies showed that the profile of major blood group antigens is not similar in blood donors from different local areas. Research objective: Our scientific goal was to study of the prevalence blood group antigens in the Georgian blood donor population. In the current study, we analyzed the 48 phenotypically combinations based on four major (ABO, Rh, Kell, and MN) blood groups. Research methods: The blood of 1009 donors has been studied on RBC antigens. The sample were collected from the diagnostic laboratory of Medina Ltd Health Centre of Batumi. Blood typing of the sample has been carried out on the basis of the immunogenetics laboratory of Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University. The universal monoclone antibodies was used for identify minor blood group antigens. We used as forward as reverse grouping methods. For identification erythrocytes, blood group antigens also were used ID cards, such as ABO/D + Reverse Grouping. Result: 12 phenotypic combinations have been identified in each O, A, B, AB group of ABO system. Out of 48 theoretically possible phenotypic combinations, we can actually find 1,9 times less phenotypes and the real amount is 25 phenotypes. The remaining 23 phenotypic combinations have not been observed in the studied donors. These are: 1. O, Rh^-K⁺ MM; 2. O, Rh^-K^- MN; 3. O, Rh^-K^- NN; 4. A, Rh^-K⁺ MN; 5. A, Rh^-K⁺ MM; 6. A, Rh^-K⁺ NN; 7. A, Rh^-K^- MM; 8. A, Rh^-K^- NN; 9. B, Rh⁺K⁺ NN; 10. B, Rh^-K⁺ MN; 11. B, Rh^-K⁺ MM; 12. B, Rh^-K⁺ NN; 13. B, Rh^-K^- MN; 14. B, Rh^-K^- MM; 15. B, Rh^-K^- NN; 16. AB, Rh⁺K⁺ MN; 17. AB, Rh⁺K⁺ NN; 18. AB, Rh⁺K^- NN; 19. AB, Rh⁺K^- MM; 20. AB, Rh^-K⁺ MN; 21. AB, Rh^-K⁺ MM; 22. AB, Rh^-K⁺ NN; 23. B, Rh^-K^- NN. The value of χ² in the case is equal to 3221,16. The P-Value is < .00001. The result is significant at P < .05. Out of 1009 studied donors 349 are carriers of phenotypic group A (II), while 19 donors carry AB (IV) group specification. This means that 36.23% of the studied donors have A antigen on the surface of erythrocyte membrane. The majority of them A1 subgroup. Conclusion: As our research showed there is a quit high polymorphism of blood group phenotype combinations in Georgian blood donors in the example of one clinic. This kind of data is very important for the clinics’ rational preparation of whole blood or blood components.

Keywords: Blood donor, antigens, prevalence, combination, phenotype

Introduction

A blood donation occurs when a person voluntarily has blood drawn and used for transfusions. Potential donors are evaluated for anything that might make their blood unsafe to use. Blood donor’s biological materials are also typing on blood group antigens. Blood group antigens are expresses on the membrane surface of blood cells, such as erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes and they determine the specific blood group. From a clinical point of view, erythrocyte group systems are of vital importance among the listed systems of blood cell groups, since they are responsible for the immune compatibility between the donor and recipient during blood transfusion [1-3]. The antigens of the ABO system are also considered tissue antigens and are therefore of particular importance in organ transplantation and epidemiology [4].

A total of 39 blood group systems are recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT). Many scientific data shows the possible correlation between blood group antigens and different type of diseases [5-14].

Research materials and methods

Studing materials

1009 blood donors has been studied on erythrocyte group antigens. A total of 1 ml of peripheral venous blood was collected. Blood Samples from the donors were collected in special tubes by the method of venipuncture.

One inclusion criteria in this study for the blood donors is age. According to the recommended norms and regulations of World Health Organization (WHO), only people from the certain age group can donate blood. The age range of the observed patients is 18-60. Majority our studied donors are between 20-55 years. Other inclusion criterion in this study is weight. The minimum weight of the patients is 50 kg. One of the most necessary factors is also the level of hemoglobin in the blood. Hemoglobin level for the male donors should be at least 130.0 mg all and for the female donors 120 mg. Most of the studied donors are the males.

The current retrospective study was carried out within the two years of 2018-2020. Our research was agreed with the hematology department and ethics committee of the clinics (ethics statement approval data is 11.10.2018). In some cases, in the clinic donors usually give blood when family members or friends need a transfusion (directed donation). We did not take the additional invasion from the blood donors and take that material directly from the laboratory of the clinic. The sample has been provided from the diagnostic laboratory of Medina Ltd Health Centre of Batumi. The clinic is one of the bigger in the Adjara region, which is the west part of the Georgia Republic. We didn’t have any contact with blood donors and have only donors’ special code and information about the age and gender.

Blood typing of the sample has been carried out on the basis of the immunogenetics laboratory of Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University (BSU).

Research methods

The following specific test-systems were used during the research: anti-AB, -B, -A, A1, -A2 (H), -C, -c, -D, -E, -e, -K, -k, -M, -N (Bio-Rad, cypress diagnostics), standard O (I), (II), (III) group erythrocytes and standard O (I), A (II), B (III), AB (IV) serums. For identification erythrocytes, blood group antigens also were used ID cards, such as ABO/D + Reverse Grouping (Bio-Rad). Both research methods are based of specific antigen-antibodies agglutination reaction.

Statistically methods

The obtained material has studied and processed statistically. Rates between groups were compared by Chi-square analysis of proportions. The level of statistical significance was set at 0.05. We used the social science statistics for analyses our obtained data (https://www.socscistatistics.com/tests/chisquare2/default2.aspx).

Result

ABO, Rh, Kell and MN blood group system antigens combination in the studied donors

Four types of group system phenotypic combinations have been studied. A total of 1009 donors were typed during the 2018-2020 studying period. Based on four major blood group system combinations, we have identified theoretically possible 48 phenotypic groups (Table 1).

Table 1.

The combination of Rh, Kell, and MN blood group antigens for O, A, B, AB groups donors

N	Phenotypic combinations	Number number of donors (1009)	Percentage %	N	Phenotypic combinations	Number number of donors (1009)	Percentage %	χ²-chi-square criterion
1	O, Rh⁺K⁺ MN	125	12,3±1,03	25	B, Rh⁺K⁺ MN	27	2,67±0,5	3221,16
2	O, Rh⁺K⁺ MM	96	9,51±0,9	26	B, Rh⁺K⁺ MM	26	2,57±0,5
3	O, Rh⁺K⁺ NN	31	3,07±0,5	27	B, Rh⁺K⁺ NN	0	0
4	O, Rh⁺K^- MN	38	3,7%±0,5	28	B, Rh⁺K^- MN	33	3,27±0,5
5	O, Rh⁺K^- NN	2	0,19%±0,1	29	B, Rh⁺K^- NN	7	0,69±0,2
6	O, Rh⁺K^- MM	112	11,10±0,9	30	B, Rh⁺K^- MM	16	1,58±0,3
7	O, Rh^-K⁺ MN	47	4,65±0,6	31	B, Rh^-K⁺ MN	0	0
8	O, Rh^-K⁺ MM	0	0	32	B, Rh^-K⁺ MM	0	0
9	O, Rh^-K⁺ NN	6	0,59±0,2	33	B, Rh^-K⁺ NN	0	0
10	O, Rh^-K^- MN	0	0	34	B, Rh^-K^- MN	0	0
11	O, Rh^-K^- MM	47	4,65±0,6	35	B, Rh^-K^- MM	0	0
12	O, Rh^-K^- NN	0	0	36	B, Rh^-K^- NN	0	0
13	A, Rh⁺K⁺ MN	37	3,66±0,5	37	AB, Rh⁺k⁺ MN	0	0
14	A, Rh⁺K⁺ MM	111	11±0,9	38	AB, Rh⁺k⁺ MM	27	2,67±0,5
15	A, Rh⁺K⁺ NN	27	2,67±0,5	39	AB, Rh⁺K⁺ NN	0	0
16	A, Rh⁺K^- MN	56	5,55±0,7	40	AB, Rh⁺K^- MN	18	1,78±0,4
17	A, Rh⁺K^- NN	7	0,69±0,2	41	AB, Rh⁺K^- NN	0	0
18	A, Rh⁺K^- MM	95	9,41±0,9	42	AB, Rh⁺K^- MM	0	0
19	A, Rh^-K⁺ MN	0	0	43	AB, Rh^-k⁺ MN	0	0
20	A, Rh^-K⁺ MM	0	0	44	AB, Rh^-k⁺ MM	0	0
21	A, Rh^-K⁺ NN	0	0	45	AB, Rh^-K⁺ NN	0	0
22	A, Rh^-K^- MN	16	1,58±0,3	46	AB, Rh^-K^- MN	1	0,09±0,09
23	A, Rh^-K^- MM	0	0	47	AB, Rh^-K^- MM	1	0,09±0,09
24	A, Rh^-K^- NN	0	0	48	AB, Rh^-K^- NN	0	0

Open in a new tab

CV-critical value -62.83; Df-degree of freedom-47; P value -the probability of obtaining results. The P-Value is < .00001. The result is significant at P < .05.

In this case, we used the one-variable chi-square criterion. Statistically revealed a high number of chi-square criteria. In this particular case, the value χ² is quite effective for rejecting the null hypothesis (E = 0). The value of χ² in the case is equal to 3221,16. These numbers are much higher than the critical value (CV) of the criterion of the degree of freedom (df = 47), which is equal to 62.83. The P-Value is < .00001. The result is significant at P < .05 (Table 1).

According to the above mentioned combinations, 12 phenotypic combinations have been identified in each O, A, B, AB group. For example, O (I) phenotypic group has following combinations with other group systems: 1. O, Rh⁺K⁺ MN; 2. O, Rh⁺K⁺ MM; 3. O, Rh⁺K⁺ NN; 4. O, Rh⁺K^- MN; 5. O, Rh⁺K^- NN; 6. O, Rh⁺K^- MM; 7. O, Rh^-K⁺ MN; 8. O, Rh^-K⁺ MM; 9. O, Rh^-K⁺ NN; 10. O, Rh^-K^- MN; 11. O, Rh^-K^- MM; 12. O, Rh^-K^- NN. Similar combinations have been identified for A (II) blood phenotypic group. These combinations are the following: 1. A, Rh⁺K⁺ MN; 2. A, Rh⁺K⁺ MM; 3. A, Rh⁺K⁺ NN; 4. A, Rh⁺K^- MN; 5. A, Rh⁺K^- NN; 6. A, Rh⁺K^- MM; 7. A, Rh^-K⁺ MN; 8. A, Rh^-K⁺ MM; 9. A, Rh^-K⁺ NN; 10. A, Rh^-K^- MN; 11. A, Rh^-K^- MM; 12. A, Rh^-K^- NN. It is theoretically possible to identify similar phenotypic groups for B (III) phenotype: 1. B, Rh⁺K⁺ MN; 2. B, Rh⁺K⁺ MM; 3. B, Rh⁺K⁺ NN; 4. B, Rh⁺K^- MN; 5. B, Rh⁺K^- NN; 6. B, Rh⁺K^- MM; 7. B, Rh^-K⁺ MN; 8. B, Rh^-K⁺ MM; 9. B, Rh^-K⁺ NN; 10. B, Rh^-K^- MN; 11. B, Rh^-K^- MM; 12. B, Rh^-K^- NN. AB (IV) phenotypic group has 12 combinations in correlation with the other group systems. Among them are: 1. AB, Rh⁺K⁺ MN; 2. AB, Rh⁺K⁺ MM; 3. AB, Rh⁺K⁺ NN; 4. AB, Rh⁺K^- MN; 5. AB, Rh⁺K^- NN; 6. AB, Rh⁺K^- MM; 7. AB, Rh^-K⁺ MN; 8. AB, Rh^-K⁺ MM; 9. AB, Rh^-K⁺ NN; 10. AB, Rh^-K^- MN; 11. AB, Rh^-K^- MM; 12. AB, Rh^-K^- NN.

As it is seen from Table 1, out of 48 theoretically possible phenotypic combinations, we can actually find 1,9 times less phenotypes and the real amount phenotypically combination is 25. The remaining 23 phenotypic combinations have not been observed in the studied donors. These are 1. O, Rh^-K⁺ MM; 2. O, Rh^-K^- MN; 3. O, Rh^-K^- NN; 4. A, Rh^-K⁺ MN; 5. A, Rh^-K⁺ MM; 6. A, Rh^-K⁺ NN; 7. A, Rh^-K^- MM; 8. A, Rh^-K^- NN; 9. B, Rh⁺K⁺ NN; 10. B, Rh^-K⁺ MN; 11. B, Rh^-K⁺ MM; 12. B, Rh^-K⁺ NN; 13. B, Rh^-K^- MN; 14. B, Rh^-K^- MM; 15. B, Rh^-K^- NN; 16. AB, Rh⁺K⁺ MN; 17. AB, Rh⁺K⁺ NN; 18. AB, Rh⁺K^- NN; 19. AB, Rh⁺K^- MM; 20. AB, Rh^-K⁺ MN; 21. AB, Rh^-K⁺ MM; 22. AB, Rh^-K⁺ NN; 23. B, Rh^-K^- NN.

A antigens subgroups in the studied donors

The antigen A is expressed on the erythrocyte membrane of people with A (II) and AB (IV) blood group. A antigen is generally present in several subgroups that show different prevalence. These are: subgroup of A1, A2 and weak A antigens. In the next step all A (II) and AB (IV) phenotypes were tested using A1 lectin. The sample is considered a subgroup A1 when both anti-A and A1 lectin shows well expressed agglutination reaction. The sample was considered a subgroup A2, when the degree of agglutination with anti-A antibody was assessed as 4⁺, and the response to anti-A lectin was negative. The sample was considered as a weak sub-group of antigen A in the case of weak agglutination (1⁺ or 2⁺) with anti-A antibody and negative response to anti-A lectin.

Out of the 1009 studied donors, 349 are carriers of phenotypic group A (II), while 19 donors carry AB (IV) group specification. This means that 36.23% of the donors studied have antigen A on the erythrocyte membrane. The majority of them carry A1 subgroup (Table 2).

Table 2.

Prevalence of A and AB sub-groups among the studied donors (n = 368)

ABO phenotype	subgroup	N	%
A	A1	324	32,11
A	A2	25	2,47
AB	A1B	12	1,18
AB	A2B	7	0,69
Total		368	36,45

Open in a new tab

N-number of the studied blood donors.

As shown in the Table 2, the frequency of subgroups A1 and A2 is not equal. In our Studied donors A2 and A2B are considered relatively rare phenotypes. These two phenotypes differ from A1 and A1B phenotypes by a negative response to Anti-A1 lectin. Subgroup A1 occurs in 324 cases among donors with A (II) phenotypic group. A small proportion of this group of donors (n = 25) belong to subgroup A2. As for the AB (IV) phenotypic group, two subgroups A1B and A2B were identified in the studied donors. 63% (n = 12) of nineteen donors with phenotypic group AB (IV) is characterized by phenotypic specification A1B, and 37% have A2B.

From the above, it can be noted that the A2 subgroup in the studied donor population is characterized by a rather low prevalence. The rate of distribution of A2 subgroup is only 4.05%.

Discussion

Most of the studied donors are the males (79.9%). Only 233 out of 1009 studied donors were females. In this case our data is similar as world donor population. This is caused by the fact that the hemoglobin level goes down after the donation and women themselves have naturally lower hemoglobin level compared to men. The iron deficiency anemia has occurred more frequently in female blood donors than male. Iron is necessary for maintaining the hemoglobin level in the blood [23-25].

From a transfusion point of view ABO erythrocyte group system is vital importance, since they are responsible for the immune compatibility between the donor and recipient during blood transfusion. Secondary important is Rh system. In most transfusion canters in the world, the blood of donors at transfusion stations and blood banks are examined at the level of minor erythrocyte antigens. Often about 12-13 immunogenic antigens important for blood transfusion is studied and the probability of compatibility between donor and recipient are assessed accordingly. Currently, two antigens of ABO system (A, B) and five antigens of Rh system (D, C, c, E and e) are considered due to high immunogenicity in blood transfusion. In theory, there is a risk of high alloimmune sensitization in people who do not have these antigens. The compatibility between the donor and the recipient in the region is assessed only by the similarity or difference of the three (A, B, D) antigenic compositions, however, addition to these three vital antigens, the compatibility between the donor and the recipient should be assessed by other dangerous antigens in terms of transfusion [14,26].

The data we have gathered has been analyzed in relation to ABO group system. O (I) phenotypic group combinations in relation to other systems have actually produced only 9 phenotypic combinations out of 12 theoretical probabilities (Figure 1). Three phenotypes (1. O, Rh^-K⁺ MM; 2. O, Rh^-K^- MN; 3. O, Rh^-K^- NN) have not been observed in the O (I) blood group donors. As is seen from the list, the mentioned three phenotype combinations belong to O, Rh^- phenotypes, and in one case K⁺ (O, Rh^-K⁺ MM) is present in the combination with them.

The distribution of MN, KELL blooda group antigen combinations for O RH⁺, and O RH^- donors.

All the six combinations from the O, Rh⁺ phenotypic group are found in the studied donors, but with different prevalence. The frequency of two of them (O, Rh⁺, K⁺, MN and O, Rh⁺, K^-, MM) is very intense and nearly equal to each other (12.3% and 11.1%). The frequency of O, Rh⁺, K^-, NN phenotypic combination is the least intense among the O, Rh⁺ phenotypes and is equivalent to 0.19%.

Different from the O (I) blood group, the variations of combinations of A (II) phenotypic group is much less. Out of 12 theoretically possible combinations we have found nearly half of them. Actually, this group has only seven combinations and six out of them belong to A (II), Rh⁺ group. This means that the amount of theoretically possible phenotypic groups coincides with the actual amount (1. A, Rh⁺K⁺ MM-11%; 2. A, Rh⁺K^- MM-9.41%; 3. A, Rh⁺K^- NN-0.69%; 4. A, Rh⁺K⁺ MN-3.66%; 5. A, Rh⁺K⁺ NN-2.67%; 6. A, Rh⁺K^- MN-5.55%).

As for the A (II), Rh^- phenotypic group, only one phenotype (A, Rh^-K^- MN) has been found out of theoretically possible six combinations. The frequency of A, Rh^-K^- MN phenotype is 1.58% (Figure 2).

The distribution of MN, KELL antigen combinations in A, Rh^-; A, Rh⁺, donors.

In the case of B (III) phenotype group, the actual amount of the variations of phenotypic combinations has decreased even more. In the case of phenotypic group B (III), only five phenotypic groups have been identified instead of 12 theoretically possible combinations. They are: 1. B, Rh⁺K^- MN-3.27%; 2. B, Rh⁺K⁺ MM-2.57%; 3. B, Rh⁺K⁺ MN-2.67%; 4. B, Rh⁺K^- MM-1.58%; 5. B, Rh⁺K^- NN-0.69%). As seen from Figure 3, all the practically identified phenotypic combinations are of B, Rh⁺ phenotype and in the case of B, Rh^-, none of the six possible combinations has been detected.

The distribution of MN, KELLantigen combination in B, Rh^-; B, Rh⁺ donors.

The amount of variations of phenotypic group combinations has decreased even more in AB (IV) blood donors. In this case, out of 12 possible combinations, we have only identified four, but with a very low prevalence. More specifically are two phenotypes. They are: 1. AB, Rh⁺K⁺ MM-2.67%; 2. AB, Rh⁺K^- MN-1.78%. As it is visible, both phenotypic combinations belong to AB, Rh⁺. While research, we have also found two phenotypic combinations of AB, Rh^-, they are AB, Rh^-K^- MN, and AB, Rh^-K^- MM (Figure 4). The distribution frequency for each of them is only 0.09%.

The distribution of MN, KELL blood group antigen combination for AB, Rh^-; AB, Rh⁺, donors.

While observing the phenotypic combinations due to antigens of four erythrocyte group systems, a comparatively high polymorphism has been found in the case of O (I) blood group. It is followed by combinations of A (II) phenotypic groups. B (III) phenotypic group holds third place in a row with a multitude of variations, and AB (IV) is characterized by low polymorphism. Hereby, we can conclude that in the donors we have studied, the polymorphism characteristics have been distributed in the following sequence: O > A > B > AB.

Erythrocyte group antigen A, which occurs on the membrane surface of human red cells with blood groups A (II) and AB (IV), is commonly represented in two subgroups: A1 and A2. Among them, both quantitative and qualitative distinctive features are noted [27]. In contrast to the A1 antigenic determinant, erythrocytes with a specificity of the A2 subgroup are characterized by weak agglutinating ability with the monoclonal anti-A antibodies used in the majority clinics of Georgia. Therefore, the method for determining group affiliation creates a high probability of the risk of agglutination of erythrocytes of the A2 subgroup by the plate method. Especially when agglutination is assessed with the naked eye. Based on the above, it is possible that blood group A (II) may be mistakenly assigned to group O (I) and AB (IV)-to B (III).

Conclusion

As our research showed there is a quit high polymorphism of blood group phenotype combinations profile in Georgian blood donors in the example of one clinic. This kind of data is very important for the rational preparation of whole blood or blood components for the clinics. We consider that the existence of this data will really promote the increase of safety level of transfusion.

Disclosure of conflict of interest

None.

References

1.Storry JR, Clausen FB, Castilho L, Chen Q, Daniels G, Denomme G, Flegel WA, Gassner C, de Haas M, Hyland C, Yanli J, Keller M, Lomas-Francis C, Nogues N, Olsson ML, Peyrard T, van der Schoot E, Tani Y, Thornton N, Wagner F, Weinstock C, Wendel S, Westhoff C, Yahalom V. International society of blood transfusion working party on red cell immunogenetics and blood group terminology: report of the dubai, copenhagen and toronto meetings. J Vox Sang. 2019;114:95–102. doi: 10.1111/vox.12717. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
2.Swain F, Daly J, Baidya S, Wilson B, Morrison J, Liew YW, Powley T, Jivan Y, Bryant S, Allen A, Crampton N. Acute haemolytic reaction secondary to an ABO minor mismatched platelet transfusion from a group A blood donor. J Transfus Med. 2019;29:133–135. doi: 10.1111/tme.12591. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
3.Moncharmont P. Red blood cell alloimmunisation after platelet transfusion (excluding ABO blood group system) J Transfus Clin Biol. 2020;27:185–190. doi: 10.1016/j.tracli.2020.06.001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
4.Tokodai K, Kumagai-Braesch M, Karadagi A, Johansson H, Ågren N, Jorns C, Ericzon BG, Ellis E. Blood group antigen expression in isolated human liver cells in preparation for implementing clinical ABO-incompatible hepatocyte transplantation. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2020;10:106–113. doi: 10.1016/j.jceh.2019.07.001. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
5.Li X, Xu H, Gao P. ABO blood group and diabetes mellitus influence the risk for pancreatic cancer in a population from China. J Med Sci Monit. 2018;24:9392–9398. doi: 10.12659/MSM.913769. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
6.Mandato VD, Torricelli F, Mastrofilippo V, Ciarlini G, Pirillo D, Annunziata G, Casali B, Abrate M, Sala GB, Aguzzoli L. AB0 blood group and ovarian cancer survival. J Cancer. 2019;10:1949–1957. doi: 10.7150/jca.29272. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
7.Mandato VD, Torricelli F, Mastrofilippo V, Ciarlini G, Pirillo D, Farnetti E, Fornaciari L, Casali B, Gelli MC, Abrate M, Aguzzoli L, La Sala GB, Nicoli D. Prognostic impact of ABO blood group on type I endometrial cancer patients-results from our own and other studies. J Cancer. 2017;8:2828–2835. doi: 10.7150/jca.19524. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
8.Yamamoto F, Yamamoto M, Muniz-Diaz E. Blood group ABO polymorphism inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection and affects COVID-19 progression. J Vox Sang. 2021;116:15–17. doi: 10.1111/vox.13004. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
9.Yaylacı S, Dheir H, İşsever K, Genc AB, Şenocak D, Kocayigit H, Guclu E, Suner K, Ekerbicer H, Koroglu M. The effect of abo and rh blood group antigens on admission to intensive care unit and mortality in patients with COVID-19 infection. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2020;66:86–90. doi: 10.1590/1806-9282.66.S2.86. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
10.Liao Y, Xue L, Gao J, Wu A, Kou X. ABO blood group-associated susceptibility to norovirus infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect Genet Evol. 2020;81:2–26. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104245. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
11.Ganguly S, Sarkar P, Chatterjee D, Bandyopadhyay AR. Association of ABO blood group polymorphism and tuberculosis: a study on Bengalee Hindu caste population, West Bengal, India. Indian J Tuberc. 2016;63:242–244. doi: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2016.09.014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
12.Behal R, Jain R, Behal KK, Dhole TN. Variation in the host ABO blood group may be associated with susceptibility to hepatitis C virus infection. J Epidemiol Infect. 2010;138:1096–1099. doi: 10.1017/S0950268809991117. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
13.Chen H, Horita N, Matsumoto H, Namkoong H, Hara Y, Kobayashi N, Kaneko T. ABO blood group as a risk factor for tuberculosis: a network meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;104:701–707. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.01.057. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
14.Franchini M, Coppola A, Santoro C, De Cristofaro R, Barillari G, Giordano P, Gresele P, Lassandro G, Napolitano M, Lucchini G, Luciani M, Ferretti A, Baldacci E, Riccardi F, Santoro RC, Pasca S, Zanon E, Tagliaferri A. ABO blood group and inhibitor risk in severe hemophilia a patients: a study from the italian association of hemophilia centers. J Semin Thromb Hemost. 2021;47:84–89. doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1718870. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
15.Kumar S, Modak PK, Ali SH, Barpanda SK, Gusain VS, Roy R. A retrospective study: ABO and Rh phenotype blood group distribution among blood donors in H.N.B. Base hospital, Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India. J Family Med Prim Care. 2018;7:34–38. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_252_17. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
16.Ma T, Yang J, Song Y, Wang W, Xie X, Chen P, Yang Y, Chang and, Wang M. Distribution of Rh blood group in 51 283 cases of inpatients and voluntary blood donors. J Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2018;34:70–74. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
17.Mbalibulha Y, Muwanguzi E, Mugyenyi G. Rhesus blood group haplotype frequencies among blood donors in southwestern Uganda. J Blood Med. 2018;9:91–94. doi: 10.2147/JBM.S151017. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
18.Owaidah AY, Naffaa NM, Alumran A, Alzahrani F. Phenotype frequencies of major blood group systems (Rh, Kell, Kidd, Duffy, MNS, P, Lewis, and Lutheran) among blood donors in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia. J Blood Med. 2020;11:59–65. doi: 10.2147/JBM.S236834. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
19.Portegys J, Rink G, Bloos P, Scharberg EA, Klüter H, Bugert P. Towards a regional registry of extended typed blood donors: molecular typing for blood group, platelet and granulocyte antigens. J Transfus Med Hemother. 2018;45:331–340. doi: 10.1159/000493555. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
20.Romphruk AV, Butryojantho C, Jirasakonpat B, Junta N, Srichai S, Puapairoj C, Simtong P. Phenotype frequencies of Rh (C, c, E, e), M, Mi(a) and Kidd blood group systems among ethnic Thai blood donors from the north-east of Thailand. Int J Immunogenet. 2019;46:160–165. doi: 10.1111/iji.12420. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
21.Sawadogo S, Nebie K, Millogo T, Kafando E, Sawadogo AG, Dahourou H, Traore F, Ouattara S, Ouedraogo O, Kienou K, Dieudonné YY, Deneys V. Distribution of ABO and RHD blood group antigens in blood donors in Burkina Faso. Int J Immunogenet. 2019;46:1–6. doi: 10.1111/iji.12408. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
22.Adewoyin AS, Lee GM, Adeyemo TA, Awodu OA. Rh and Kell blood group antigen prevalence in a multi-ethnic cohort in Nigeria: implications for local transfusion service. J Immunohematology. 2018;34:61–65. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
23.Chiamchanya N. Rapid recovery time of hemoglobin level in female regular blood donors with ferrous fumarate and high dose of ascorbic acid supplement. J Med Assoc Thai. 2013;96:165–171. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
24.Marks DC, Speedy J, Robinson KL, Brama T, Capper HR, Mondy P, Keller AJ. An 8-week course of 45 mg of carbonyl iron daily reduces iron deficiency in female whole blood donors aged 18 to 45 years: results of a prospective randomized controlled trial. J Transfusion. 2014;54:780–788. doi: 10.1111/trf.12464. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
25.Pasricha SR, Marks DC, Salvin H, Brama T, Keller AJ, Pink J, Speedy J. Postdonation iron replacement for maintaining iron stores in female whole blood donors in routine donor practice: results of two feasibility studies in Australia. Transfusion. 2017;57:1922–1929. doi: 10.1111/trf.14173. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
26.Sachan D, Jayakumar R, Varghese J, Rela M. An acute hemolytic transfusion reaction due to the “anti-c” rhesus antibody: a case report emphasizing the role of transfusion medicine. Asian J Transfus Sci. 2015;9:213–215. doi: 10.4103/0973-6247.154256. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
27.Heier HE, Namork E, Calkovská Z, Sandin R, Kornstad L. Expression of A antigens on erythrocytes of weak blood group A subgroups. J Vox Sang. 1994;66:231–236. doi: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.1994.tb00315.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[b1] 1.Storry JR, Clausen FB, Castilho L, Chen Q, Daniels G, Denomme G, Flegel WA, Gassner C, de Haas M, Hyland C, Yanli J, Keller M, Lomas-Francis C, Nogues N, Olsson ML, Peyrard T, van der Schoot E, Tani Y, Thornton N, Wagner F, Weinstock C, Wendel S, Westhoff C, Yahalom V. International society of blood transfusion working party on red cell immunogenetics and blood group terminology: report of the dubai, copenhagen and toronto meetings. J Vox Sang. 2019;114:95–102. doi: 10.1111/vox.12717. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[b2] 2.Swain F, Daly J, Baidya S, Wilson B, Morrison J, Liew YW, Powley T, Jivan Y, Bryant S, Allen A, Crampton N. Acute haemolytic reaction secondary to an ABO minor mismatched platelet transfusion from a group A blood donor. J Transfus Med. 2019;29:133–135. doi: 10.1111/tme.12591. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[b3] 3.Moncharmont P. Red blood cell alloimmunisation after platelet transfusion (excluding ABO blood group system) J Transfus Clin Biol. 2020;27:185–190. doi: 10.1016/j.tracli.2020.06.001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[b4] 4.Tokodai K, Kumagai-Braesch M, Karadagi A, Johansson H, Ågren N, Jorns C, Ericzon BG, Ellis E. Blood group antigen expression in isolated human liver cells in preparation for implementing clinical ABO-incompatible hepatocyte transplantation. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2020;10:106–113. doi: 10.1016/j.jceh.2019.07.001. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[b5] 5.Li X, Xu H, Gao P. ABO blood group and diabetes mellitus influence the risk for pancreatic cancer in a population from China. J Med Sci Monit. 2018;24:9392–9398. doi: 10.12659/MSM.913769. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[b6] 6.Mandato VD, Torricelli F, Mastrofilippo V, Ciarlini G, Pirillo D, Annunziata G, Casali B, Abrate M, Sala GB, Aguzzoli L. AB0 blood group and ovarian cancer survival. J Cancer. 2019;10:1949–1957. doi: 10.7150/jca.29272. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[b7] 7.Mandato VD, Torricelli F, Mastrofilippo V, Ciarlini G, Pirillo D, Farnetti E, Fornaciari L, Casali B, Gelli MC, Abrate M, Aguzzoli L, La Sala GB, Nicoli D. Prognostic impact of ABO blood group on type I endometrial cancer patients-results from our own and other studies. J Cancer. 2017;8:2828–2835. doi: 10.7150/jca.19524. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[b8] 8.Yamamoto F, Yamamoto M, Muniz-Diaz E. Blood group ABO polymorphism inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection and affects COVID-19 progression. J Vox Sang. 2021;116:15–17. doi: 10.1111/vox.13004. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[b9] 9.Yaylacı S, Dheir H, İşsever K, Genc AB, Şenocak D, Kocayigit H, Guclu E, Suner K, Ekerbicer H, Koroglu M. The effect of abo and rh blood group antigens on admission to intensive care unit and mortality in patients with COVID-19 infection. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2020;66:86–90. doi: 10.1590/1806-9282.66.S2.86. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[b10] 10.Liao Y, Xue L, Gao J, Wu A, Kou X. ABO blood group-associated susceptibility to norovirus infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect Genet Evol. 2020;81:2–26. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104245. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[b11] 11.Ganguly S, Sarkar P, Chatterjee D, Bandyopadhyay AR. Association of ABO blood group polymorphism and tuberculosis: a study on Bengalee Hindu caste population, West Bengal, India. Indian J Tuberc. 2016;63:242–244. doi: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2016.09.014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[b12] 12.Behal R, Jain R, Behal KK, Dhole TN. Variation in the host ABO blood group may be associated with susceptibility to hepatitis C virus infection. J Epidemiol Infect. 2010;138:1096–1099. doi: 10.1017/S0950268809991117. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[b13] 13.Chen H, Horita N, Matsumoto H, Namkoong H, Hara Y, Kobayashi N, Kaneko T. ABO blood group as a risk factor for tuberculosis: a network meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;104:701–707. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.01.057. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[b14] 14.Franchini M, Coppola A, Santoro C, De Cristofaro R, Barillari G, Giordano P, Gresele P, Lassandro G, Napolitano M, Lucchini G, Luciani M, Ferretti A, Baldacci E, Riccardi F, Santoro RC, Pasca S, Zanon E, Tagliaferri A. ABO blood group and inhibitor risk in severe hemophilia a patients: a study from the italian association of hemophilia centers. J Semin Thromb Hemost. 2021;47:84–89. doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1718870. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[b15] 15.Kumar S, Modak PK, Ali SH, Barpanda SK, Gusain VS, Roy R. A retrospective study: ABO and Rh phenotype blood group distribution among blood donors in H.N.B. Base hospital, Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India. J Family Med Prim Care. 2018;7:34–38. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_252_17. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[b16] 16.Ma T, Yang J, Song Y, Wang W, Xie X, Chen P, Yang Y, Chang and, Wang M. Distribution of Rh blood group in 51 283 cases of inpatients and voluntary blood donors. J Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2018;34:70–74. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[b17] 17.Mbalibulha Y, Muwanguzi E, Mugyenyi G. Rhesus blood group haplotype frequencies among blood donors in southwestern Uganda. J Blood Med. 2018;9:91–94. doi: 10.2147/JBM.S151017. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[b18] 18.Owaidah AY, Naffaa NM, Alumran A, Alzahrani F. Phenotype frequencies of major blood group systems (Rh, Kell, Kidd, Duffy, MNS, P, Lewis, and Lutheran) among blood donors in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia. J Blood Med. 2020;11:59–65. doi: 10.2147/JBM.S236834. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[b19] 19.Portegys J, Rink G, Bloos P, Scharberg EA, Klüter H, Bugert P. Towards a regional registry of extended typed blood donors: molecular typing for blood group, platelet and granulocyte antigens. J Transfus Med Hemother. 2018;45:331–340. doi: 10.1159/000493555. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[b20] 20.Romphruk AV, Butryojantho C, Jirasakonpat B, Junta N, Srichai S, Puapairoj C, Simtong P. Phenotype frequencies of Rh (C, c, E, e), M, Mi(a) and Kidd blood group systems among ethnic Thai blood donors from the north-east of Thailand. Int J Immunogenet. 2019;46:160–165. doi: 10.1111/iji.12420. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[b21] 21.Sawadogo S, Nebie K, Millogo T, Kafando E, Sawadogo AG, Dahourou H, Traore F, Ouattara S, Ouedraogo O, Kienou K, Dieudonné YY, Deneys V. Distribution of ABO and RHD blood group antigens in blood donors in Burkina Faso. Int J Immunogenet. 2019;46:1–6. doi: 10.1111/iji.12408. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[b22] 22.Adewoyin AS, Lee GM, Adeyemo TA, Awodu OA. Rh and Kell blood group antigen prevalence in a multi-ethnic cohort in Nigeria: implications for local transfusion service. J Immunohematology. 2018;34:61–65. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[b23] 23.Chiamchanya N. Rapid recovery time of hemoglobin level in female regular blood donors with ferrous fumarate and high dose of ascorbic acid supplement. J Med Assoc Thai. 2013;96:165–171. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[b24] 24.Marks DC, Speedy J, Robinson KL, Brama T, Capper HR, Mondy P, Keller AJ. An 8-week course of 45 mg of carbonyl iron daily reduces iron deficiency in female whole blood donors aged 18 to 45 years: results of a prospective randomized controlled trial. J Transfusion. 2014;54:780–788. doi: 10.1111/trf.12464. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[b25] 25.Pasricha SR, Marks DC, Salvin H, Brama T, Keller AJ, Pink J, Speedy J. Postdonation iron replacement for maintaining iron stores in female whole blood donors in routine donor practice: results of two feasibility studies in Australia. Transfusion. 2017;57:1922–1929. doi: 10.1111/trf.14173. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[b26] 26.Sachan D, Jayakumar R, Varghese J, Rela M. An acute hemolytic transfusion reaction due to the “anti-c” rhesus antibody: a case report emphasizing the role of transfusion medicine. Asian J Transfus Sci. 2015;9:213–215. doi: 10.4103/0973-6247.154256. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[b27] 27.Heier HE, Namork E, Calkovská Z, Sandin R, Kornstad L. Expression of A antigens on erythrocytes of weak blood group A subgroups. J Vox Sang. 1994;66:231–236. doi: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.1994.tb00315.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

PERMALINK

ABO system combination with Rh, Kell and MN group in Georgian blood donors

Marina Nagervadze

Irine Tsintsadze

Leila Akhvlediani

Tea Koiava

Sophiko Tskvitinidze

Rusudan Khukhunaishvili

Marina Koridze

Abstract

Introduction