TABLE 2.
Participant characteristics including demographics, anthropometric measurements, and comorbidities in all the cohorts and per obesity phenotype (showing the demographics in abnormal phenotype compared with normal phenotype)
| All cohort | Phenotype | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungry brain | Hungry gut | Emotional hunger | Slow burn | None | ANOVA P | ||
| Demographics | |||||||
| Prevalence, n (%) | 450 (100%) | 143/450 (32%) | 144/450 (32%) | 96/450 (21%) | 82/400 (21%) | 68/450 (15%) | |
| Age, y | 39 ± 0.5 | 37 ± 0.9 | 39 ± 0.9 | 37 ± 1.2 | 39 ± 1.2 | 40 ± 1.3 | 0.19 |
| Gender (F), % | 72 | 78 | 67 | 75 | 57 | 83 | 0.009 # |
| Race (White), % | 93 | 96 | 89 | 96 | 95 | 100 | 0.01 # |
| Weight, kg | 107 ± 1.0 | 108 ± 1.7 | 106 ± 1.7 | 111 ± 2.2 | 115 ± 3.2 | 106 ± 2.4 | 0.09 |
| Height, cm | 169 ± 0.4 | 170 ± 0.8 | 169 ± 0.8 | 169 ± 0.9 | 171 ± 1.1 | 168 ± 1.0 | 0.16 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 37 ± 0.3 | 37 ± 0.5 | 36 ± 0.5 | 39 ± 0.7 | 39 ± 0.8 | 38 ± 0.8 | 0.07 |
| Waist, cm | 105 ± 0.1 | 106 ± 1.3 | 107 ± 1.1 | 108 ± 2.0 | 104 ± 2.3 | 105 ± 1.1 | 0.82 |
| Hip, cm | 120 ± 0.1 | 121 ± 1.1 | 121 ± 1.0 | 122 ± 1.9 | 117 ± 1.4 | 120 ± 1.3 | 0.80 |
| Pulse, beats/min | 74 ± 0.6 | 74 ± 1.0 | 73 ± 0.9 | 74 ± 1.3 | 75 ± 1.5 | 77 ± 2.0 | 0.25 |
| SBP, mmHg | 131 ± 0.7 | 132 ± 1.3 | 133 ± 1.3 | 130 ± 1.4 | 131 ± 2.0 | 131 ± 2.1 | 0.15 |
| DBP, mmHg | 82 ± 0.6 | 80 ± 0.9 | 81 ± 1.0 | 79 ± 1.1 | 81 ± 1.4 | 83 ± 1.4 | 0.45 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 103 ± 1.4 | 101 ± 2.8 | 103 ± 1.5 | 98 ± 1.8 | 97 ± 2.2 | 102 ± 1.9 | 0.55 |
| Comorbidities ^ | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 0.19 |
| Phenotyping tests | |||||||
| Ad libitum buffet meal, kcal | 929 ± 16 | 1,224 ± 25 | 996 ± 26 | 990 ± 34 | 918 ± 35 | 700 ± 21 | < 0.001 |
| Gastric emptying T½, min | 110 ± 1.4 | 107 ± 2.2 | 83 ± 1.4 | 111 ± 2.7 | 117 ± 3.3 | 133 ± 3.4 | < 0.001 |
| HADS‐Anxiety (0‐21 scale) | 4 ± 0.1 | 4 ± 0.3 | 3.7 ± 0.2 | 8.1 ± 0.2 | 3.9 ± 0.1 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 |
| Predicted REE (HB), % | 100 ± 0.6 | 102 ± 1.4 | 100 ± 1.4 | 103 ± 1.1 | 89 ± 0.6 | 106 ± 0.8 | < 0.001 |
Bold numbering represents the phenotype matched with its respective phenotype test. Data shown as mean ± SEM.
#
Pearson test.
^
Obesity‐related comorbidities: type 2 diabetes, gastroesophageal reflux disease, high blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, obstructive sleep apnea, degenerative joint disease, asthma, other).
HADS‐A, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Score‐Anxiety; REE, resting energy expenditure; HB, Harris‐Benedict equation.