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. 2021 May 28;15:2299–2307. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S304168

Incidence and Risk Factors of Hepatic Fibrosis in Psoriatic Patients Receiving Methotrexate with Concomitant Acitretin Therapy and Methotrexate Monotherapy

Ploysyne Rattanakaemakorn 1, Prinpat Pinyowiwat 1, Wimolsiri Iamsumang 1, Kumutnart Chanprapaph 1, Poonkiat Suchonwanit 1,✉
PMCID: PMC8170124  PMID: 34093007

Abstract

Background

The use of methotrexate-acitretin (MTX-ACI) combination therapy in treating psoriasis has been limited due to concerns related to hepatic fibrosis. However, in vitro evidence revealed a protective effect of acitretin in methotrexate (MTX)-induced liver fibrosis.

Objective

This study aimed to compare the real-life incidence of hepatic fibrosis in patients with psoriasis receiving MTX-ACI and MTX monotherapy and to investigate factors associated with hepatic fibrosis in MTX-exposed patients.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted based on a real-life registry containing data on patients with psoriasis who were administered MTX-ACI or MTX between 2008 and 2019 and underwent transient elastography according to cumulative MTX dose of 1.0–1.5 g and/or 3.5–4.0 g. Time-to-event analysis was performed to determine the cumulative incidence, incidence rate, and factors potentially affecting the occurrence of hepatic fibrosis.

Results

Of the 160 patients, 32 (20%) were treated with MTX-ACI, and 128 (80%) with MTX alone. Four patients (12.5%) in MTX-ACI group and 21 (16.4%) in MTX group developed hepatic fibrosis (p = 0.59). There was no statistically significant difference in cumulative incidence (16% in MTX-ACI vs 17% in MTX, p = 0.89) and incidence rate (37 cases per 1000 person-year in MTX-ACI vs 23 cases per 1000 person-year in MTX; hazard ratio [HR] = 1.07; p = 0.90) of hepatic fibrosis between the two groups. Diabetes and obesity were identified as significant factors associated with hepatic fibrosis (adjusted HR = 2.40, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05–5.51; p = 0.04 and adjusted HR = 3.28, 95% CI: 1.18–9.16; p = 0.02, respectively) regardless of the cumulative MTX dose.

Conclusion

The incidence of hepatic fibrosis in a real-life clinical situation, determined by transient elastography in patients with psoriasis receiving MTX-ACI, was not increased compared to those receiving MTX monotherapy. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity were identified as risk factors of hepatic fibrosis; hence, patients with these factors receiving long-term MTX therapy should be regularly monitored for this particular event.

Keywords: cirrhosis, combination therapy, drug, liver fibrosis, liver injury, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

Introduction

In an era of advancement of biological therapies, methotrexate (MTX) has a central role in the treatment of psoriasis in many countries due to its efficacy and cost-effectiveness.1,2 Nevertheless, hepatotoxicity is the major side effect occurring in up to 33% of the patients with long-term MTX therapy and limits its use in psoriatic patients with liver impairment.3 There is a speculation that MTX may aggravate preexisting non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, which is reported to have a high prevalence in this group of patients.4

Acitretin (ACI), a second-generation oral retinoid, is efficacious in the treatment of psoriasis, especially for pustular and erythrodermic subtypes.5 It is frequently used in combination with other agents for optimum benefit in treating extensive psoriatic lesions.5,6 Furthermore, ACI is accounted as a safe drug for immunocompromised and elderly patients due to lack of immunosuppressive properties.5 Although hepatotoxicity can occur in approximately 1.5% of the patients, it is considered mild, reversible, and often associated with a high-dose regimen.5

Combination therapy is a strategy to promote rapid remission of psoriasis by utilizing the synergistic effects of different drugs and reducing potential side effects of high-dose therapy. Although MTX and ACI are efficient in the treatment of psoriasis when used separately, combination of the two may theoretically increase hepatotoxicity. Therefore, the combination of ACI with other hepatotoxic drugs, particularly MTX, is not recommended in consensus guidelines of several countries.7–12 Nevertheless, previous studies have revealed the efficacy of the combination therapy in psoriasis with no evidence of increased hepatotoxicity.6,13,14 Furthermore, An et al reported that MTX-ACI combination therapy not only enhances treatment effectiveness, but may also reduce MTX-related liver fibrosis by showing less elevation of profibrotic factors in subjects’ sera, and lower their expression in hepatic stellate cells compared to MTX monotherapy.15 A preliminary study of psoriatic patients treated by MTX-ACI combination therapy also confirmed these findings; however, the lack of a control group limited its conclusion.16

Currently, to our knowledge, there is no study comparing the occurrence of hepatic fibrosis in patients with psoriasis treated by MTX-ACI combination therapy and those treated by MTX monotherapy. This study aimed to compare the real-life incidence of hepatic fibrosis in patients with psoriasis receiving MTX-ACI and MTX monotherapy and to investigate factors associated with the development of this side effect in both groups.

Materials and Methods

This retrospective cohort study was conducted based on a real-life outpatient registry, including patients with psoriasis who attended the dermatology clinic at Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. We also included MTX-ACT-treated subjects from a previous study conducted by some of the authors who matched the inclusion criteria.16 The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board for Ethics in Human Research (MURA2019/889) and was performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration adopted in 1964. The informed consent to review medical records was exempted by the ethics committee, and data were anonymized prior to analysis.

The medical records of patients with psoriasis who received treatment between January 2008 and December 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Inclusion criteria included patients with psoriasis aged ≥18 years, receiving systemic treatment with combination therapy of MTX-ACI or MTX alone, and having undergone transient elastography (TE; FibroScan®, Echosens™, Paris, France) following standard recommendation after achieving total accumulative MTX dose of 1.0–1.5 g and/or 3.5–4.0 g.17 TE is a non-invasive method, generating a score in kilopascals (kPa). It has been extensively validated for diagnosing liver fibrosis.18,19 MTX in our cohort was prescribed at 5–25 mg weekly, with a minimum cumulative dose of 1.0 g. Therefore, participants included were analyzed based on the administration of a long-term, low-dose MTX regimen. Folic acid was also prescribed concomitantly at 1 mg daily. All patients stopped alcohol consumption during MTX treatment. To estimate the real-life situation, study subjects were included irrespective of their concurrent psoriasis treatments, except for those commencing systemic therapies with hepatotoxicity. Exclusion criteria were patients previously diagnosed and/or possessed conditions associated with hepatic fibrosis, those with concurrent use of hepatotoxic drugs, having aspartate aminotransferase and/or alanine aminotransferase levels greater than twice the upper normal limit, and incomplete medical records.

Demographics, clinical characteristics, disease severity assessments regarding the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score, and treatment details were obtained. PASI score >10 was defined as severe psoriasis. Pre-treatment alcohol consumption was indicated in patients having average daily alcohol use ≥ moderate risk, according to the World Health Organization risk drinking levels.20 Obesity was defined as a body mass index of ≥30 kg/m2. Hepatic fibrosis, the outcome of the study, was indicated when the measured value of TE was > 7 kPa.18,19 Advanced hepatic fibrosis was defined as TE > 8.7 kPa.21 Based on the analysis, patients were categorized into combined MTX-ACI or MTX groups. Subjects were examined at baseline and during subsequent follow-up visits, and followed up until hepatic fibrosis developed or until the end of the study. Collected data were statistically compared between the two groups. Time-to-event analysis was performed to determine the cumulative incidence, incidence rate, and factors potentially affecting the occurrence of hepatic fibrosis in particular patients.

Statistical Analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using Stata statistical software version 14.2 (Stata Corp, College Station, TX, USA). Categorical variables were reported as proportions and analyzed using chi-square or Fisher’s exact test. Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range) and analyzed using independent sample t-test or Mann–Whitney U-test. The person–time analysis was used to determine and compare incidence rates of hepatic fibrosis, which were reported as cases per 1000 person-year. Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to analyze factors associated with the occurrence of hepatic fibrosis. Correlations were reported as hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Kaplan–Meier method and Log rank test were used to analyze the cumulative incidence of hepatic fibrosis between two treatment groups and between patients with and without risk factors. P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Demographics and Clinical Characteristics

A total of 242 patients with psoriasis received MTX-ACI therapy or MTX monotherapy. We excluded 58 patients treated with other systemic treatments that may have caused hepatotoxicity and 24 with incomplete medical records. Of the remaining 160 patients, 32 (20%) were treated with MTX-ACI and 128 (80%) with MTX alone. Mean TE values were 5.5 ± 1.9 and 5.5 ± 2.6 kPa in the MTX-ACI and MTX groups, respectively. Demographics and baseline characteristics of participants are demonstrated in Table 1. Four of 32 patients (12.5%) in MTX-ACI group (mean TE = 9.2 ± 2.1 kPa) and 21 of 128 patients (16.4%) in MTX group (mean TE = 10.1 ± 2.9 kPa) developed hepatic fibrosis. Two (6.3%, mean TE = 11.1 ± 0.1 kPa) and 12 (9.4%, mean TE = 11.9 ± 2.9 kPa) in the MTX-ACI and MTX groups showed advanced liver fibrosis, respectively. In comparison with the MTX group, the MTX-ACI group showed significantly lower median age of disease onset (26 [23–78] vs 33 [28–81], p = 0.02) and significantly lower percentage of patients with dyslipidemia (15.6% vs 52.3%, p < 0.001), while proportion of patients with pre-treatment alcohol consumption was significantly higher (15.6% vs 5.3%, p = 0.03). There was no between-group difference based on gender, type of psoriasis, baseline PASI, percentage of patients with severe psoriasis, the occurrence of hepatic fibrosis and advanced fibrosis, mean TE values, cumulative dose of MTX use, abnormal liver function test at baseline, viral hepatitis (hepatitis B or C), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, and history of previous exposure to hepatotoxic agents.

Table 1.

Demographics and Clinical Characteristics of Patients at the Time of Methotrexate Initiation

Characteristics Treatment Group p-value
MTX-ATI (n=32) MTX (n=128)
Male, n (%) 19 (59.4) 63 (49.2) 0.30
Age of onset, years, median (IQR) 26.0 (23–78) 33 (28–81) 0.02*
Type of psoriasis, n (%)
 •Plaque-type psoriasis 28 (87.5) 114 (89.1) 0.76
 •Pustular psoriasis 0 (0) 2 (1.5) 1.00
 •Erythrodermic psoriasis 3 (9.4) 5 (3.9) 0.19
 •Guttate psoriasis 1 (3.1) 7 (5.5) 1.00
Baseline PASI, mean (SD) 8.9 (6.1) 8.5 (6.3) 0.76
Severe psoriasis, n (%) 10 (31.2) 36 (28.1) 0.82
TE value, kPa, mean (SD) 5.5 ± 1.9 5.5 ± 2.6 0.99
Hepatic fibrosis, n (%) 4 (12.5) 21 (16.4) 0.59
TE value of patients with hepatic fibrosis, kPa, mean (SD) 9.2 ± 2.1 10.1 ± 2.9 0.11
Advanced hepatic fibrosis, n (%) 2 (6.3) 12 (9.4) 0.57
TE value of patients with advanced hepatic fibrosis, kPa, mean (SD) 11.1 ± 0.1 11.9 ± 2.9 0.12
Cumulative dose of MTX, g, median (IQR) 2.66 (0.65–5.22) 2.08 (0–5.64) 0.51
Pre-treatment alcohol consumption, n (%) 5 (15.6) 5 (3.9) 0.03*
Abnormal liver function test, n (%) 0 (0) 9 (7.0) 0.21
Viral hepatitis B or C, n (%) 2 (6.2) 17 (13.3) 0.37
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) 8 (25.0) 25 (19.5) 0.47
Obesity, n (%) 10 (31.2) 61 (47.7) 0.09
Hyperlipidemia, n (%) 5 (15.6) 67 (52.3) <0.001*
Previous exposure to hepatotoxic agents, n (%) 2 (6.2) 18 (14.1) 0.37
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Notes: *Statistically significant.

Abbreviations: g, gram; IQR, interquartile range; kPa, kilopascals; MTX, methotrexate; MTX-ACI, combination methotrexate and acitretin; PASI, Psoriasis Area and Severity Index; SD, standard deviation; TE, transient elastography.

Cumulative Incidence and Incidence Rate of Hepatic Fibrosis in the Study Subjects

Total follow-up times were 108.65 and 1604.37 person-years in MTX-ACI and MTX groups, respectively. Cumulative incidence of hepatic fibrosis at 5 years was estimated to be 16% in the MTX-ACI group and 17% in the MTX group, which revealed no statistically significant difference when determined by Log rank test (p = 0.89, Figure 1). There was also no statistically significant difference in the incidence rate of hepatic fibrosis between the two groups (37 cases per 1000 person-year in MTX-ACI group vs 23 cases per 1000 person-year in MTX group; HR = 1.07, p = 0.90).

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Cumulative incidence of hepatic fibrosis in patients with psoriasis receiving methotrexate and acitretin combination therapy versus those receiving methotrexate alone.

Factors Associated with Hepatic Fibrosis in the Study Subjects

Cox proportional hazards method was used to determine factors associated with hepatic fibrosis in the study subjects. Univariate analysis revealed that male gender (HR = 2.70, 95% CI: 1.13–6.47; p = 0.03), viral hepatitis (HR = 2.88, 95% CI: 1.11–7.44; p = 0.03), T2DM (HR = 3.65, 95% CI: 1.63–8.16; p = 0.002), obesity (HR = 4.80, 95% CI: 1.79–12.86; p = 0.002), and dyslipidemia (HR = 3.32, 95% CI: 1.35–7.95; p = 0.007) were associated with higher probabilities of hepatic fibrosis. After adjusting for all confounding variables, multivariate regression analysis showed that T2DM (adjusted HR = 2.40, 95% CI: 1.05–5.51; p = 0.04) and obesity (adjusted HR = 3.28, 95% CI: 1.18–9.16; p = 0.02) increased the probability of developing hepatic fibrosis (Table 2).

Table 2.

Univariate and Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis of Factors Associated with Hepatic Fibrosis

Variables at Baseline Univariate Analysis Multivariate Analysis
HR 95% CI p-value HR 95% CI p-value
MTX-ACI therapy 1.07 0.36–3.13 0.90 – – –
Age of onset, years 1.02 0.99–1.05 0.29 – – –
Male vs female 2.70 1.13–6.47 0.03* 1.99 0.79–5.01 0.14
Baseline PASI 1.01 0.94–1.09 0.78 – – –
Severe psoriasis 1.05 0.98–1.13 0.15 – – –
Cumulative dose of MTX 0.99 0.99–1.00 0.13 – – –
Pre-treatment alcohol consumption 0.87 0.12–6.45 0.89 – – –
Abnormal liver function test 2.62 0.49–13.77 0.26 – – –
Viral hepatitis B or C 2.88 1.11–7.44 0.03* 1.49 0.57–3.92 0.42
Diabetes mellitus 3.65 1.63–8.16 0.002* 2.40 1.05–5.51 0.04*
Obesity 4.80 1.79–12.86 0.002* 3.28 1.18–9.16 0.02*
Hyperlipidemia 3.32 1.35–7.95 0.007* 1.73 0.67–4.47 0.22
Previous exposure to hepatotoxic agents 0.54 0.13–2.31 0.41 – – –
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Notes: *Statistically significant.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; MTX-ACI, combination methotrexate and acitretin; PASI, Psoriasis Area and Severity Index.

Further analysis was performed to test the effect of cumulative MTX dose on each independent risk factor (ie, T2DM and obesity), and results affirmed the association between the two significant factors and hepatic fibrosis regardless of cumulative MTX dose by showing statistically significant differences in the cumulative incidence of hepatic fibrosis between patients with and without T2DM (p = 0.025, Figure 2) and between those with and without obesity (p = 0.004, Figure 3).

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Cumulative incidence of hepatic fibrosis in relation to the cumulative dose of methotrexate in psoriatic patients with and without diabetes.

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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Cumulative incidence of hepatic fibrosis in in relation to the cumulative dose of methotrexate psoriatic patients with and without obesity.

Discussion

The present study provided evidence that, based on long-term therapy in a real-life situation, patients with psoriasis regardless of whether they received a combination of MTX and ACI or MTX monotherapy had comparable incidence of hepatic fibrosis determined by TE. We were also able to identify that T2DM and obesity were independent risk factors associated with the occurrence of hepatic fibrosis in particular patients irrespective of cumulative MTX dose.

MTX is considered the conventional systemic therapy in psoriasis, showing its effectiveness in ameliorating extensive skin lesions, but with various adverse effects, especially hepatic fibrosis.22 MTX initiates liver fibrosis by prolonging cellular folate depletion and enhancing extracellular adenosine, a profibrotic factor, in hepatic stellate cells,23,24 while ACI may accommodate the fibrogenesis process by dysregulating mitochondrial function of hepatic stellate cells, leading to apoptosis and necrosis of these cells.25 The occurrence of hepatic fibrosis in MTX therapy is a major concern and variably reported with the overall incidence of <3%.17,26 However, the incidence can be up to approximately 13–34% in patients with psoriasis receiving long-term MTX therapy with an accumulative dose of at least 1.0 g.27 In our cohort, cumulative incidences in both groups, albeit receiving ACI, were consistent with previous reports (16% in MTX-ACI and 17% in MTX).

Our study indicated that administration of ACI with MTX is not associated with increased hepatic fibrosis, demonstrating no statistically significant difference in five-year cumulative incidence and incidence rate between the treatment groups. Further analysis by Cox regression method supported this finding by showing no association between MTX-ACI therapy and liver fibrosis (Table 2). Our findings support that of a previous study demonstrating the role of retinoic acid in inhibiting liver fibrogenesis.15 Retinoic acid signaling may reduce the fibrogenic ability of hepatic stellate cells and synergistically act with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma in the reversal of hepatic fibrosis.28–30

Several risk factors have been reported in association with MTX‐induced hepatic fibrosis in patients with psoriasis, including pre‐existing liver diseases, alcohol consumption, obesity, dyslipidemia, T2DM, impaired renal function, use of biological agents, and use of other hepatotoxic drugs.31–34 Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been also recently identified as a potential risk factor of drug-induced hepatic fibrosis.35,36 On univariate analysis, male gender, viral hepatitis, T2DM, obesity, and dyslipidemia were associated with hepatic fibrosis in our psoriatic patients; however, only T2DM and obesity remained significant on multivariate analysis. Our cohort indicated that patients with T2DM are at 2.4-fold increased risk of hepatic fibrosis than non-T2DM, and patients with obesity were thrice as likely to develop liver fibrosis than those without. This was in agreement with that of previous studies demonstrating T2DM and obesity as significant predictors, increasing approximately 7 and 2 times the risk of liver fibrosis, respectively, in MTX-treated psoriatic patients.37,38

Patients with psoriasis are exposed to multiple liver insults, placing them at high risk of hepatic fibrosis. Several studies reported that T2DM and obesity were prevalent in this group of patients and were factors associated with NAFLD.4,39,40 Moreover, patients with psoriasis revealed a higher prevalence of NAFLD compared to general populations.41–43 We hypothesized that complex interplay among psoriasis, T2DM, obesity, and NAFLD may play important roles in MTX-induced hepatic fibrosis. Insulin resistance occurring in T2DM initiates hepatic accumulation of triglycerides and subsequent liver steatosis,4 whereas obesity demonstrates an increase in non-esterified fatty acids and imbalance between proinflammatory adipocytokines and anti-inflammatory adiponectin, directly promoting liver injury.44 Additionally, overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines in psoriasis such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-17 may contribute to the occurrence of NAFLD and progression of liver fibrosis.44–49

The association between cumulative dose of MTX and occurrence of liver fibrosis in patients with psoriasis remains inconclusive. Aithal et al reported that the total amount of MTX use increased the frequency of liver fibrosis in MTX-treated psoriasis patients.50 Conversely, several studies failed to demonstrate the association between cumulative MTX dose and hepatic fibrosis.37,38,51 Rosenberg et al revealed that despite prescribing a lower cumulative MTX dose, patients with psoriasis having risk factors, particularly T2DM or obesity, are at higher risk of developing hepatic fibrosis than those without.52 Our results support the latter conclusion, showing no association between cumulative MTX dose and hepatic fibrosis. Furthermore, T2DM and obesity were identified as predictive factors of hepatic fibrosis in our participants regardless of cumulative MTX dose. Whether cumulative MTX dose is associated with hepatic fibrosis in patients with psoriasis or not, those with metabolic syndromes should be routinely screened for NAFLD and liver fibrosis early in their treatment course.

There are several limitations to this study. First, our study was conducted at a tertiary-care single center with a relatively small sample size. Therefore, our results may not be universally applicable. Second, hepatic fibrosis was diagnosed based on the measured value from TE, which may not be as precise as the histopathological diagnosis. However, TE is non-invasive and can accurately diagnose and monitor liver fibrosis. Third, the retrospective design may cause incomplete data collection. Fourth, we did not include MTX-untreated patients as controls; therefore, a causal relationship between MTX administration and worsening of underlying liver diseases could not be determined. Finally, participants included in our study were not treatment-naive at enrolment, and we did not completely exclude subjects who may have other risk-associated liver injury, such as pre-treatment alcohol consumption and elevated liver enzymes. Therefore, these undiscovered cofactors may be potential confounding variables; however, the multivariable analysis performed in our study could minimize them. Further prospective studies conducted in a large, multi-center design including biopsy-proven subjects and controls are required to minimize the impact of these limitations and would be useful to affirm our findings.

Conclusion

Our cohort supports previous in vitro evidence that MTX-ACI combination therapy does not increase the incidence of hepatic fibrosis. We also demonstrated that T2DM and obesity were significant risk factors associated with hepatic fibrosis in long-term MTX-treated psoriatic patients regardless of cumulative MTX dose. Owing to emerging evidence that has suggested the superior efficacy of combination MTX-ACI therapy over MTX alone, this combined regimen could be a promising therapeutic option in patients with psoriasis. However, the choice of combination therapies also depends on safety and tolerability in patients. We recommend that individuals having psoriasis with concomitant metabolic syndrome, especially T2DM and/or obesity, who have been prescribed long-term MTX therapy with high cumulative dosage, should be regularly monitored for potential adverse effects.

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the assistance of Dr Kunlawat Thadanipon from the Section of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, in the advisement of statistical analysis.

Funding Statement

The authors received no financial support for this research.

Abbreviations

ACI, acitretin; CI, confidence interval; MTX, methotrexate; MTX-ACI, methotrexate-acitretin; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; PASI, Psoriasis Area and Severity Index; HR, hazard ratio; TE, transient elastography; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Data Sharing Statement

All datasets are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate

The study was approved by the Ramathibodi Hospital Review Board for Ethics in Human Research (MURA2019/889) and was performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration adopted in 1964. The informed consent to review medical records was exempted by the ethics committee, and data were anonymized prior to analysis.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

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