Analysis of the efficacy and safety of iodine-125 seeds implantation in the treatment of patients with inoperable early-stage non-small cell lung cancer

Abstract

Purpose

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of iodine-125 (¹²⁵I) seeds implantation for inoperable early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Material and methods

PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, China Biology Medicine disc (CBM), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang Data were searched from inception until April 2020. Data were collected concerning overall survival, short-term efficacy, and complications. Meta-analysis was performed using R software (version 3.6.3).

Results

Nine studies involving 308 patients were included. Meta-analysis showed that the 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates were 0.98% (95% CI: 0.95-0.99%), 0.83% (95% CI: 0.77-0.89%), and 0.65% (95% CI: 0.55-0.75%), respectively; short-term local control rate (LCR) and effective rates were 0.99% (95% CI: 0.98-1.00%) and 0.92% (95% CI: 0.83-0.98%), respectively; 1-, 2-, and 3-year LCRs were 0.96% (95% CI: 0.83-1.00%), 0.94% (95% CI: 0.85-0.99%), and 0.95% (95% CI: 0.76-1.00%), respectively. Sub-group analysis of the prescribed dose found that when the prescribed dose was > 120 Gy, short-term efficacy and 1-year LCR were increased significantly (p < 0.01). The incidence of bleeding, pneumothorax, and radiation lung injury was 0.14% (95% CI: 0.07-0.21%), 0.19% (95% CI: 0.11-0.28%), and 0.00% (95% CI: 0.00-0.03%), respectively. Two studies involving 106 patients compared ¹²⁵I seeds combined with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for NSCLC. Results showed that compared with chemotherapy alone, ¹²⁵I seeds combined with chemotherapy could improve short-term LCR (RR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.09-1.65%, p = 0.005) and short-term effective rate (RR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.14-1.96%, p = 0.004).

Conclusions

¹²⁵I seeds implantation is safe and effective approach for the treatment of inoperable early-stage NSCLC, but high-quality clinical research is still needed to further confirm the findings.

Purpose

In recent years, due to rapidly growing aging population and lung cancer screening, early diagnosis rate of lung cancer has increased. Early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 25% of all lung cancer cases [1-3]. Lobectomy is the standard treatment for early NSCLC [4] and for patients with various comorbidities, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart disease, with radiotherapy regarded as an alternative treatment [5]. Dose-escalation of traditional external radiation therapy is often limited by radiation tolerance of normal lung tissues and adjacent vital organs, including esophagus, spinal cord, etc., which leads to the fact that the target dose can hardly reach more than 70 Gy. Many studies have indicated that stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is a well-established treatment option for medically inoperable patients with early-stage NSCLC, and can achieve satisfactory local control. Nagata et al. [6] treated 100 inoperable early-stage NSCLC patients with SBRT with a prescribed dose of 48 Gy in 4 fractions over 4-8 days. The 3- and 5-year survival rates were 59.9% and 42.8%, respectively, and the 3-year local control rate (LCR) was 52.8%. Dupic et al. [7] published a prospective study of 100 patients who received treatment for inoperable early-stage NSCLC, with prescribed dose of 54 Gy in 3 fractions for 76 patients and 50 Gy in 5 fractions for 24 patients. The 1-, 2-, 3-, and 5-year LCRs were 100%, 98.2%, 98.2%, and 77.7%, respectively, and survival rates were 83%, 71.2%, 58.1%, and 33.2%, respectively. Shu et al. [8] treated 68 early-stage NSCLC patients aged ≥ 75 years with SBRT. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 92.6%, 77.2%, and 59.1%, respectively, and the 1-, 3-, and 5-year LCRs were 95.6%, 88.9%, and 85.6%, respectively. However, for central lung cancer close to the trachea, esophagus, and spinal cord, and also for peripheral lung cancer close to the chest wall and brachial plexus, there is still a great controversy concerning the dose and exposure range of SBRT in the treatment of early-stage NSCLC.

Radioactive ¹²⁵I seeds can reduce the dose around the target area rapidly while delivering a high-dose to the target area, which has a high target conformity. It slowly and continuously releases low-dose γ-rays and directly acts on DNA of tumor cells to cause tumor cell apoptosis. Chen et al. [9] treated 28 patients with locally advanced NSCLC, in whom concurrent chemoradiotherapy had failed with ¹²⁵I seeds implantation therapy combined with bronchial arterial chemoembolization. The results showed that 6-month disease control rate reached 92.86%, and median progression-free survival was achieved in 8 months. In addition, meta-analysis results of Zhang et al. [10] showed that ¹²⁵I seeds brachytherapy alone could significantly improve clinical efficacy of patients with advanced NSCLC compared with chemotherapy. All of these studies confirmed that ¹²⁵I seeds brachytherapy is an effective and safe approach for the treatment of NSCLC. On the other hand, for small tumor volume in early-stage NSCLC, because the cost of ¹²⁵I seeds therapy is positively correlated with the size of lesion, its overall medical cost is significantly lower than SBRT.

Due to characteristics of lesser damage, satisfactory efficacy, and relatively lower cost, ¹²⁵I seeds had been widely used in the treatment of early-stage lung cancer. Li et al. [11] treated 24 early-stage NSCLC patients with ¹²⁵I seeds implantation under computed tomography (CT) guidance, with a prescription dose of 100-120 Gy. The results showed the LCR of 78.3% and the 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates of 95.8%, 78%, and 55%, respectively. Huo et al. [12] treated 21 early-stage NSCLC patients with ¹²⁵I seeds under CT guidance combined with template, and a prescription dose was 120-160 Gy. Their findings revealed a 3-year LCR of 95.2% and 3-year survival rate of 72.9%, which was comparable to SBRT in the treatment of early-stage inoperable NSCLC in recent years. The occurrence of adverse events was significantly reduced, and no treatment-related adverse reactions of grade 3 or higher or deaths occurred during follow-up period. A number of studies [13, 14] have shown that ¹²⁵I seeds had a favorable therapeutic effect in NSCLC. However, studies following the principles of evidence-based medicine (EBM) are lacking to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ¹²⁵I seeds in the treatment of early-stage NSCLC. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess clinical efficacy and safety of ¹²⁵I seeds for early-stage NSCLC.

Material and methods

Literature search

PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, China Biology Medicine disc (CBM), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang Data were searched to identify relevant studies published up till April 2020 without language restrictions. Main keywords used for the search included “I¹²⁵ OR ¹²⁵I OR iodine-125’’, ‘‘lung cancer OR NSCLC’’, and “early-stage OR I OR II”.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria for studies

The following inclusion criteria were used for the literature: 1. The study design was confined to randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, or single-arm studies; 2. Patients received ¹²⁵I brachytherapy (or combined with chemotherapy) in the treatment group and chemotherapy alone in the control group for the treatment of early-stage NSCLC; 3. Patients had pathologically diagnosed stage I or II NSCLC, Karnofsky performance status ≥ 60, time of survival ≥ 3 months, no chemotherapy contraindication before treatment, and no significant abnormalities in the liver, kidney, and heart function; 4. Studies had outcomes of response evaluation defined by response evaluation criteria in solid tumors [15].

The major exclusion criteria were: 1. Animal experiments, review, and other irrelevant studies; 2. No available data about primary outcomes; 3. Patients with small cell lung cancer or stage III/IV NSCLC.

Data extraction and quality assessment

According to preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis statement, two reviewers (E.C and J.W) independently searched potentially relevant articles and conducted data extraction. Any disagreement between the two reviewers were resolved consensually by including a third reviewer (H.Z). The following items were collected from each study: publication details, demographic and clinical information, and outcome measures, such as efficacy and complications.

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were assessed according to the improved Jadad scale [16], including 4 aspects: generation of random sequences, allocation concealment, blind method, withdrawal, and drop out. Scores of 1 to 3 points were considered as low quality, and scores of 4 to 7 points as high quality.

Non-RCTs were assessed following Newcastle-Ottawa scale [17, 18], using selection of subjects (representativeness of exposed cohort, selection of non-exposed cohort, ascertaining exposure, and outcome not present at start of study), comparability of groups, and measurement of exposure (assessment of outcome, length of adequate follow-up, and sufficiency of follow-up). Based on the afore-mentioned criteria, a study was rated from 0 to 9 stars.

Curative effects

According to the response evaluation criteria in solid tumors, indicators consisted of complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD), and progressive disease (PD). Primary endpoints of our study were overall survival rate, effective rate (ER), which was defined as a proportion of patients with a response either as CR or PR [ER = (CR + PR)/total] and LCR, defined as CR or PR, or SD [LCR = (CR + PR + SD)/total]. Short-term efficacy indicated an efficacy at 3 months after implantation.

Statistical analysis

Meta-analyses and forest plots were prepared in R software (version 3.6.3), using meta and forest plot packages [19]. Risk ratio (RR) was evaluated as a fundamental measurement of dichotomous data using Mantel-Haenszel method. I² statistic and p-value were used to test statistical heterogeneity of studies involved. We chose a fixed-effects method with a predefined significance threshold of I² < 50% or p > 0.1, otherwise a random-effect method was used. A sensitivity analysis was performed to identify whether the results were stable, and a sub-group analysis was performed to determine source of heterogeneity. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Publication bias was tested by funnel plots.

Results

Literature search results

The process of literature search was summarized in Figure 1, and a total of 211 records, including 28 published in English (14 in PubMed, 1 in Cochrane library, and 13 in Embase) and 183 in Chinese (28 in CBM, 61 in CNKI, and 94 in Wanfang Data) were identified during the initial literature search. Of these, 84 duplicates were removed, and 127 remained. According to the literature inclusion and exclusion criteria, 108 studies were excluded after reading the titles and abstracts of the literature, and 19 were left. After reading the full text, 10 studies were excluded, with 6 studies on some diseases other than early NSCLCs, 2 dosimetric studies, 1 study without clear clinical stage, and 1 study involving other radiotherapy techniques. Nine studies involving 308 patients were finally included, and all were from China. Among them, there were 2 RCTs on ¹²⁵I seeds plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for early NSCLC, there was one RCT on ¹²⁵I seeds versus chemotherapy for early NSCLC, and there were 6 single-arm retrospective cohort studies on ¹²⁵I seeds for early NSCLC. The basic characteristics of the included literature are shown in Tables 1-2 [11-14, 20-24].

Fig. 1.

Flow diagram of the study selection process. CBM – China Biology Medicine disc, CNKI – China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database

Table 1.

Characteristics of the included studies

Study, year [ref.]	Design	Publication	T/C	Age (y)	Male/female	Tumor stage	Tumor size	Tumor location	T (dose)/C	Follow-up (months)
Jiakai Li, 2013 [11]	Retrospective study	Mol Clinl Oncol	24 (28 lesions)/0	Mean, 65.4 (54-81)	18/6	T1-3N0M0	4.0 ±1.5	N.A.	125I (100-120 Gy)/ –	Median, 31.5 (8-46)
Bin Huo, 2017 [12]	Retrospective study	Chin J Radiol Med Prot	21/0	Median, 69 (58-80)	15/6	T1-2N0M0	≥ 3 cm: n = 6 < 3 cm: n = 15	P: 19, Central: 2	125I (120-160 Gy)/ –	Median, 25.1 (4.4-72.7)
Jingkui Yang, 2014 [13]	Retrospective study	Chin J Clin Oncol	48/0	67.9 ±8.6	35/13	I-II (N0)	Median, 2.1 cm (0.7-3.0)	P	125I (110 Gy)/–	N.A.
Mingyao Ke, 2011 [14]	Retrospective study	Chin J Radiat Oncol	16/0	Median, 74 (70-82)	11/5	I	> 3 cm: n = 3 ≤ 3 cm: n = 13	P	125I (140-160 Gy)/ –	Mean, 35 (10-56)
Jingkui Yang, 2014 [20]	Retrospective study	Chin J Geriatrics	18/0	Median, 73.7 (60-89)	12/6	I-II (N0)	Median, 2.1 cm (0.7-3.0)	N.A.	125I (110 Gy)/–	N.A.
Hua Cheng, 2019 [21]	Retrospective study	World Latest Medicine Information	26/0	Median, 68.5 (50-89)	15/11	T1-3N0M0	Median, 2.6 cm (1.2-5.0)	N.A.	125I (100-120 Gy)/ –	Mean, 41 (10-50)
Wei Fu, 2019 [22]	RCTs	J Pract Radiol	25/24	T: 63.24 ±1.27 C: 63.18 ±1.24	31/18	I-II (N0)	T: ≥ 3 cm: n = 8 < 3 cm: n = 17 C: ≥ 3 cm: n = 6 < 3 cm: n = 18	TP: 22, Central: 3, CP: 22, Central: 2	125I (N.A.)/TP	T: Mean, 14 (6-24) C: Mean, 13 (7-24)
Jianguo Yang, 2018 [23]	RCTs	Chinese Journal of Practical Medicine	34/33	T: 55.80 ±9.30 C: 56.40 ±9.52	40/27	I-II	N.A.	N.A.	125I + GC (NA)/GC	42 days
Xianghua Lin, 2016 [24]	RCTs	J Medical Forum	20/19	42-79	21/18	I-II	0.8-3.0	P: 26, Central: 13	125I + GC (80-110 Gy)/GC	6 months

T – treatment group, C – control group, TP – taxol + cisplatin, GC – gemcitabine + cisplatin, ¹²⁵I – iodine-125, CT – computed tomography, P – peripheral, N.A. – not available

Table 2.

Outcomes of the included studies

Study, year [ref.]	Overall survival	Efficacy (based on CT)	Adverse effect (bleeding/pneumothorax/radiation lung injury)
Jiakai Li, 2013 [11]	1-y: 95.8% 2-y: 78% 3-y: 55% Median survival time: 38 months (8-46)	At the end of follow-up period: CR: 8 PR: 10 SD: 4 PD: 6	4/3/0
Bin Huo, 2017 [12]	1-y: 100% 2-y: 91.7% 3-y: 72.9%	y LC: 100% y LC: 95.2% y LC: 95.2%	8/10/2
Jingkui Yang, 2014 [13]	1-y: 95.8% 2-y: 81.3% 5-y: 56.3%	1-y LC: 85% (based on PET-CT)	8/12/0
Mingyao Ke, 2011 [14]	1-y: 60% 2-y: 54% 3-y: 50% 4-y: 33%	1-y LC: 69% 2-y LC: 58% 3-y LC: 36% 4-y LC: 11%	1/4/1
Jingkui Yang, 2014 [20]	1-y: 94.4% 2-y: 72.7% 3-y: 66.7% 5-y: 55.6%	6 months after implantation: CR: 7, PR: 9, SD: 2, PD: 0	3/6/0
Hua Cheng, 2019 [21]	1-y: 96.1% 2-y: 80.7% 3-y: 69.2%	6 months after implantation: CR: 10, PR: 12, SD: 4, PD: 0 1-y LC: 84.6%	4/3/0
Wei Fu, 2019 [22]	T: 1-y: 100% 2-y: 92% C: 1-y: 91.67% 2-y: 66.67%	T: short-term efficacy: CR: 4, PR: 12, SD: 9, PD: 0 y LC: 100%, 2-y LC: 92% C: short-term efficacy: CR: 2, PR: 12, SD: 10, PD: 0 y LC: 95.83%, 2-y LC: 62.50%	1/2/0
Jianguo Yang, 2018 [23]	N.A.	T: short-term efficacy: CR: 10, PR: 17, SD: 2, PD: 5 C: short-term efficacy: CR: 8, PR: 10, SD: 2, PD: 13	1/2/0
Xianghua Lin, 2016 [24]	N.A.	T: 6 months after implantation: CR: 4, PR: 14, SD: 2, PD: 0 C: 6 months after implantation: CR: 1, PR: 10, SD: 4, PD: 4	4/3/0

T – treatment group, C – control group, CR – complete response, PR – partial response, SD – stable disease, PD – progressive disease, LC – local control, y – year, N.A. – not available

Quality of the studies included

Studies by Fu et al. [22] and Yang et al. [23] were of high quality, whereas a study by Lin et al. [24] was of low quality; six single-arm studies were evaluated using Newcastle-Ottawa scale, and all obtained a score of 5 to 6 (Tables 3-4).

Table 3.

Quality assessment of randomized controlled trials

Study, year [ref.]	Generation of random sequences	Allocation concealment	Blind method	Withdrawal	Total
Wei Fu, 2019 [22]	2	1	0	1	4
Jianguo Yang, 2018 [23]	2	1	0	1	4
Xianghua Lin, 2016 [24]	0	0	0	1	1

Table 4.

Quality assessment of single-arm studies

Study, year [ref.]	Representativenessa	Selection of non- exposedb	Ascertainment of exposurec	Incident diseased	Compa rabilitye	Assessment of outcomef	Length of follow- upg	Adequacy of follow- uph
Jiakai Li, 2013 [11]	B	C	A	A	C	B	A	B
Bin Huo, 2017 [12]	A	C	A	A	C	B	A	B
Jingkui Yang, 2014 [13]	A	C	A	A	C	B	A	D
Mingyao Ke, 2011 [14]	A	C	A	A	C	B	A	A
Jingkui Yang, 2014 [20]	A	C	A	A	C	B	A	D
Hua Cheng, 2019 [21]	A	C	A	A	C	B	A	A

^aA: truly representative, B: somewhat representative, C: selected group, D: no description of the derivation of the cohort, ^b A: drawn from the same community as the exposed, B: drawn from a different source, C: no description of the derivation of the non-exposed, ^c A: secure record, B: structured interview, C: written self-report, D: no description, ^d Demonstration that the outcome of interest was not present at start of study: A yes, B: no, ^e A: study controls for demographics/comorbidities, B: study controls for any additional factor (e.g., age, severity of illness), C: not done; ^f A: independent or blind assessment, B: record linkage, C: self-report, D: no description, ^g Long enough for outcomes to occur? A: yes, B: no, ^h A: complete follow-up, B: subjects lost to follow-up was unlikely to introduce bias, C: follow-up rate of 90% or lower, D: no statement

Meta-analysis results

¹²⁵I seeds implantation in the treatment of early NSCLC

Six studies [11-13, 20-22] described survival of patients after ¹²⁵I seeds implantation. There was no statistical heterogeneity between the studies (I² ≤ 50%, p ≥ 0.1), and fixed-effect model was used. The results showed that the 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates were 0.98% (95% CI: 0.95-0.99%), 0.83% (95% CI: 0.77-0.89%), and 0.65% (95% CI: 0.55-0.75%), respectively (Figure 2).

Fig. 2.

Forest plot of 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates (A, B, and C, respectively)

Seven studies [11-14, 20, 21, 24] reported short-term LCR after ¹²⁵I seeds implantation. There was no statistical heterogeneity among the results of these studies (I² = 22%, p = 0.26), showing short-term LCR as 0.99% (95% CI: 0.98-1.00%). Seven studies [11-14, 20, 21, 24] described short-term effective rate, and there was a statistical heterogeneity among the results of the studies (I² = 69%, p = 0.01). A random effect model was applied for meta-analysis, indicating a result of 0.92% (95% CI: 0.83-0.98%). Further sub-group analysis of the prescribed dose found that when prescribed dose was > 120 Gy, short-term effective rate was increased significantly (Figure 3).

Fig. 3.

Forest plot of short-term local control rate and effective rate (A and B, respectively)

Four studies [12, 13, 21, 22] presented LCR. Among them, the 1-year LCR was statistically heterogeneous (I² = 83%, p < 0.01). A meta-analysis using random effect model showed a result of 0.96% (95% CI: 0.83-1.00%). Additional sub-group analysis of the 1-year LCR found that the LCR of the group with a prescription dose > 120 Gy was significantly increased (Figure 4B). There was no statistical heterogeneity in the 2- and 3-year LCRs (I² ≤ 50%, p ≥ 0.1). Fixed-effect model was used for meta-analysis, and the results showed that the 2- and 3-year LCRs were 0.94% (95% CI: 0.85-0.99%) and 0.95% (95% CI: 0.76-1.00%), respectively (Figure 4).

Fig. 4.

Forest plot of 1-, 2-, and 3-year local control rates (A) and sub-group analysis of 1-year local control rate (B)

Nine studies [11-14, 20-24] reported complications after ¹²⁵I implantation. There was a statistical heterogeneity among the results of each study (I² > 50%, p < 0.1). A meta-analysis using random effect model showed that the incidence of bleeding and pneumothorax was 0.14% (95% CI: 0.07-0.21%) and 0.19% (95% CI: 0.11-0.28%), respectively. There was no statistical heterogeneity in the incidence of radiation-induced lung injury in each study (I² = 8%, p = 0.37), and the result was 0.00% (95% CI: 0.00-0.03%), using fixed-effect model (Figure 5).

Fig. 5.

Forest plot of incidence of bleeding, pneumothorax, and radiation lung injury (A, B, and C, respectively)

Comparison of efficacy of ¹²⁵I seeds implantation combined with chemotherapy and chemotherapy alone in the treatment of I-II NSCLC

Two studies [23, 24] compared the efficacy of ¹²⁵I seeds implantation combined with chemotherapy and chemotherapy alone for early NSCLC. Compared with chemotherapy alone, ¹²⁵I seeds combined with chemotherapy could improve short-term LCR (RR = 1.34) (95% CI: 1.09-1.65%, p = 0.005) and short-term effective rate (RR = 1.49) (95% CI: 1.14-1.96%, p = 0.0035).

Publishing bias

The results showed that no significant publication bias existed for the 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates (t = 0.646, 0.104, and 0.296, respectively, p = 0.554, 0.922, and 0.795, respectively), and for the incidence of bleeding, pneumothorax, and radiation lung injury (t = 0.521, 0.640, and 1.632, respectively, p = 0.618, 0.543, and 0.164, respectively).

Discussion

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in adults globally, and its incidence continues to rise, with more than 1.8 million new cases and more than 1 million related deaths worldwide each year [25]. NSCLC is the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for > 80% of all lung cancer cases, of which 30% patients present the early-stage [26, 27]. For patients with operable early-stage NSCLC, complete surgical resection is preferable [28]. However, due to an increasing number of elderly patients, the existence of multiple post-operative complications, and personal suggestions, many patients are not eligible for surgical resection. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are generally used as candidate options, which, however, cannot achieve cure, and may be accompanied by various complications. Therefore, for patients with early-stage NSCLC who are medically inoperable, an effective alternative is urgently needed. Intra-operative ¹²⁵I seeds brachytherapy has been proven to be an effective treatment option, which can be used as an alternative to external radiation therapy [29, 30]. However, thoracotomy is required during intra-operative ¹²⁵I seeds implantation, and may increase hospital stay and financial burden of patient. Huo et al. [12] and Yang et al. [13] treated patients with ¹²⁵I seeds under CT guidance combined with a template. In these studies, the prescription doses were 120-160 Gy and 110 Gy, respectively. The results of Yang et al. showed that ¹²⁵I seeds implantation had a high 1-year LCR (0.95) and survival rate (1 year – 0.96, 2 years – 0.81, 5 years – 0.56) for early-stage NSCLC. Nevertheless, because the guidelines recommend SBRT as the first choice of treatment for patients with early-stage NSCLC who cannot be resected or decline surgery, there are few studies on the application of ¹²⁵I seeds in patients with early-stage NSCLC. Yet, in recent years, many scholars have confirmed that ¹²⁵I seeds present good efficacy in the treatment of unresectable early-stage NSCLC, which is equivalent to SBRT. However, currently, the research quality is variable and practically inadequate, with limited sample size and evidence-based medical studies.

To our knowledge, the present study presented the first systematic review and meta-analysis of the available literature on ¹²⁵I seeds implantation alone for inoperable early-stage NSCLC. Our research results showed that ¹²⁵I seeds implantation had a high LCR (1 year – 0.96, 2 years – 0.94, 3 years – 0.95) and survival rate (1 year – 0.98, 2 years – 0.83; 3 years – 0.65) for early-stage NSCLC. Because most of the patients included in this meta-analysis had peripheral lung cancer, we compared the results with the efficacy of SBRT for peripheral NSCLC. The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 0236 [31] trial included 55 patients (T1 – 44 patients, T2 – 11 patients) with SBRT-treated inoperable early-stage peripheral NSCLC (T1-2N0M0), who received prescription dose of 54 Gy/3 fx., with a median follow-up of 34.4 months (range, 4.8-49.9 months). The results showed that the 3-year primary tumor control rate was 97.6% (95% CI: 84.3-99.7%), the 3-year survival rate was 55.8% (95% CI: 41.6-67.9%), and the median survival was 48.1 months. Ball et al. [32] consisted of 66 patients (47 cases in T stage 1 and 19 cases in T stage 2) with peripheral early-stage NSCLC. Treatment consisted of three fractions of 18 Gy each (total, 54 Gy) or four fractions of 12 Gy each (total, 48 Gy). The results showed that the 2-year LCR and survival rates reached 89% (95% CI: 81-98%) and 77% (95% CI: 67-88%), respectively. Shibamoto et al. [33] used SBRT to treat 180 patients with early-stage NSCLC. Of these cases, 4, 124, and 52 patients received isocenter doses of 44 Gy, 48 Gy, and 52 Gy, respectively. The 3-year survival rate and LCR for peripheral NSCLC were 71% and 85%, respectively. This meta-analysis showed that ¹²⁵I seeds implantation was virtually equivalent to SBRT in the treatment of inoperable peripheral early-stage NSCLC reported by scholars in recent years.

Stereotactic body radiotherapy is a method of delivering a high-dose of external beam radiotherapy to tumor targets very precisely, in a small number of fractions, and with high levels of targeting accuracy. The reason why ¹²⁵I obtains a favorable effect may be related to its unique radiophysics and radiobiology characteristics. The dose distribution after seeds implantation decreases inversely according to the square of distance of the radioactive seeds. As the distance increases, the dose outside the target volume rapidly declines, thereby substantially increasing the dose in the target area as well as avoiding the occurrence of radioactive damage to vital tissues and organs around the target. Kim et al. [34] showed that ¹²⁵I seeds could directly break single- and double-stranded DNA of tumor cells through sustained release of low-dose γ-rays, causing tumor cell damage. Because tumor cells in M and G2 phases are sensitive to radiation and other tumor cells in quiescent phase are relatively resistant to radiation, it may restore the proliferative ability after conventional external radiotherapy and SBRT due to their intermittent irradiation [35]. However, the radioactive ¹²⁵I seeds can kill tumor cells continuously, and after a sufficient half-life period, a certain accumulated dose can lead to a complete loss of proliferative potential of the tumor cells. Conversely, γ-ray can reduce the oxygen increase ratio of tumor cells. In other words, the dependence of radiation on killing tumor cells to oxygen is reduced; therefore, ¹²⁵I seeds overcome the radiation resistance of hypoxic cells, thus continuously damaging tumor stem cells and causing death of tumor cells [36].

Here, we performed sub-group analysis according to the prescribed dose, which further proved that higher prescription dose ( > 120 Gy) was associated with a better short-term effective rate and 1-year LCR. In a study by Huo et al. [12], the prescribed dose of seeds was 120-160 Gy, and both short-term effective rate and 1-year LCR were 100%. In a research by Ke et al. [14], the prescription dose of seeds was 140 to 160 Gy, and its short-term effective rate reached 100%. Unfortunately, the improvement in short-term effective rate and 1-year LCR have not improved patients’ long-term survival. Due to the limited number of studies currently available, there are few studies reporting long-term LCRs and survival. It is inconclusive whether prescription doses > 120 Gy can improve patient survival; however, sub-groups analysis of the 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates found that prescription doses > 120 Gy have a tendency to improve patient survival.

There were 3 RCTs on chemotherapy vs. ¹²⁵I seeds alone, or ¹²⁵I seeds plus chemotherapy for early NSCLC. Fu et al. [22] found that despite no significant difference in short-term efficacy between ¹²⁵I seeds group and chemotherapy group, the 2-year LCR and survival rate of ¹²⁵I seeds group were higher than those of chemotherapy group. Yang et al. [23] and Lin et al. [24] reported that compared with chemotherapy group, the ¹²⁵I seeds combined with chemotherapy can significantly improve short-term efficacy without increasing toxicity. Unfortunately, neither study reported long-term survival. Whether ¹²⁵I seeds combined with chemotherapy would improve patient’s survival needs to be further confirmed by future research. In addition, according to the 2020 NCCN guidelines [37], for patients with inoperable high-risk stage IB-IIB NSCLC or with T1-2N1M0 NSCLC, systemic chemotherapy has been recommended as an adjuvant treatment, but chemotherapy has not been regarded as sole treatment option for these patients. We acknowledge this as a limitation of these studies as well as our meta-analysis. More studies comparing external beam radiotherapy or SBRT to ¹²⁵I seeds brachytherapy for the treatment of early-stage NSCLC are still needed in the future.

Although SBRT is a precision radiotherapy technique, its damage to normal tissues should not be taken lightly. For peripheral lung cancer, chest wall pain is an important adverse reaction after SBRT treatment, which often occurs at 6 to 9 months after treatment, with an incidence rate of 6-39%, followed by a pain grade 3 or higher, occurring in approximately 2% of patients [38]. In a study of Stephans et al. [39], the rates of chest wall and pulmonary toxicity (any grade) with SBRT dose of 60 Gy/3 fx. for peripheral lung cancer were 23.7% and 5.0%, respectively. Moreover, the rates of grade 3 or higher for chest wall and pulmonary toxicity were approximately 0.72% and 1.4%, respectively. In a research of Singh et al. [40], 98 patients with peripheral stage I-II NSCLC were randomized into 30 Gy/1 fx. and 60 Gy/3 fx. groups, respectively. Thoracic grade 3 adverse events were experienced by 8 (16%) patients in 30 Gy/1 fx. group, and by 6 (12%) patients in 60 Gy/3 fx. group. Our results showed that bleeding and pneumothorax caused by seeds implantation occurred in 0.14% and 0.19% of patients, respectively, and all were alleviated after symptomatic treatment. During a follow-up period, there were 2 cases of grade 1 pulmonary fibrosis reported by Huo et al. [12], and 1 case of grade 1 local radiation pneumonitis reported by Ke et al. [14]. There were no treatment-related adverse reactions of grade 3 or higher and deaths in all studies. Compared with SBRT, adverse events caused by ¹²⁵I were significantly reduced. ¹²⁵I seeds implantation is an internal radiotherapy, and in other words, the radiation kills tumor cells from the inside of the target area. By contrast, SBRT can also ensure quick reduction of dose at the edge of the target area, thereby reducing the radiation dose of surrounding vital tissues. However, it is still a type of external radiotherapy, with its radiation inevitably passing through normal tissues, causing certain radiation damage, especially in central lung cancer patients.

This study has several limitations. First, since NCCN and ESMO have recommended SBRT as the preferable treatment strategy for inoperable early NSCLC, there is a small number of studies on the application of ¹²⁵I seeds implantation in early-stage NSCLC. Second, the tumor location was not clear in some of the studies included in our meta-analysis. Since most of the patients had peripheral lung cancer, we compared the efficacy and toxicity of ¹²⁵I seeds brachytherapy with those of SBRT only for peripheral NSCLC. Finally, in 3 RCTs included in this meta-analysis, chemotherapy alone (not radiation therapy/SBRT) was compared to ¹²⁵I seeds brachytherapy or ¹²⁵I plus chemotherapy. Therefore, more studies comparing radiation therapy or SBRT with brachytherapy for the treatment of early-stage NSCLC are needed in the future.

Conclusions

In conclusion, the results of our study indicate that ¹²⁵I seeds implantation is a safe and effective option for the treatment of inoperable early-stage NSCLC. Moreover, higher prescribed dose (> 120 Gy) is associated with a better short-term effective rate and 1-year LCR. ¹²⁵I seeds combined with chemotherapy, as compared with chemotherapy alone, can improve short-term LCR and effective rate. The application of ¹²⁵I seeds implantation in the treatment of patients with inoperable early-stage non-small cell lung cancer still needs to be confirmed by further high-quality clinical research.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflict of interest.