Table 5.
Odds ratio for type of change in cigarette smoking (decreased, increased, or unchanged) during COVID-19 lockdown by sociodemographic and work-related factors, health status, and lifestyle prior to lockdown, and psychological distress.
| Total | Decreased | Increased | Unchanged | Missing | Decreased | Increased | |||||||
| n (%) | ORs | 95% CI | ORs | 95% CI | |||||||||
| lower limit | upper limit | lower limit | upper limit | p value | |||||||||
| 1826 (100) | 75 (4.1) | 140 (7.7) | 1327 (72.7) | 284 (15.6) | |||||||||
| Sociodemographic factors | |||||||||||||
| Sex | Male | 423 (23.2) | 18 (4.3) | 32 (7.6) | 311 (73.5) | 62 (14.7) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.827 |
| Female | 1397(76.5) | 57 (4.1) | 108 (7.7) | 1014 (72.6) | 218 (15.6) | 1.06 | 0.60 | 1.86 | 1.14 | 0.74 | 1.74 | ||
| Missing | 6 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (33.3) | 4 (66.7) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Age | Young adult (18–44) | 818 (44.8) | 55 (6.7) | 66 (8.1) | 611 (74.7) | 86 (10.5) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | <0.001 |
| Middle-aged (45–64) | 802 (43.9) | 17 (2.1) | 51 (6.4) | 611 (76.2) | 123 (15.3) | 0.27 | 0.15 | 0.48 | 0.69 | 0.46 | 1.02 | ||
| Aged (≥ 65) | 194 (10.6) | 2 (1.0) | 23 (11.9) | 99 (51.0) | 70 (36.1) | 0.22 | 0.05 | 0.91 | 2.11 | 1.23 | 3.62 | ||
| Missing | 12 (0.7) | 1 (8.3) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (50.0) | 5 (41.7) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Educational level | Low | 94 (5.1) | 2 (2.1) | 7 (7.4) | 59 (62.8) | 26 (27.7) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.004 |
| Medium | 805 (44.1) | 40 (5.0) | 73 (9.1) | 545 (67.7) | 147 (18.3) | 1.58 | 0.37 | 6.87 | 1.34 | 0.57 | 3.11 | ||
| High | 889 (48.7) | 32 (3.6) | 58 (6.5) | 700 (78.7) | 99 (11.1) | 0.76 | 0.17 | 3.37 | 0.77 | 0.33 | 1.83 | ||
| Missing | 38 (2.1) | 1 (2.6) | 2 (5.3) | 23 (60.5) | 12 (31.6) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Household composition | Alone | 208 (11.4) | 12 (5.8) | 21 (10.1) | 138 (66.3) | 37 (17.8) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.027 |
| At least one cohabitant | 1618 (88.6) | 63 (3.9) | 119 (7.4) | 1189 (73.5) | 247 (15.3) | 0.48 | 0.25 | 0.93 | 0.63 | 0.38 | 1.05 | ||
| Work-related factors | |||||||||||||
| Changes in work modality | Work suspended | 103 (5.6) | 6 (5.8) | 10 (9.7) | 72 (69.9) | 15 (14.6) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.126 |
| More remote working | 544 (29.8) | 26 (4.8) | 41 (7.5) | 419 (77.0) | 58 (10.7) | 0.80 | 0.31 | 2.09 | 0.80 | 0.38 | 1.69 | ||
| Unchanged | 685 (37.5) | 27 (3.9) | 62 (9.1) | 515 (75.2) | 81 (11.8) | 0.84 | 0.33 | 2.15 | 0.89 | 0.43 | 1.84 | ||
| Not applicable | 313 (17.1) | 9 (2.9) | 17 (5.4) | 197 (62.9) | 90 (28.8) | 0.97 | 0.32 | 3.00 | 0.30 | 0.11 | 0.78 | ||
| Missing | 181 (9.9) | 7 (3.9) | 10 (5.5) | 124 (68.5) | 40 (22.1) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Health status and lifestyle prior to lockdown | |||||||||||||
| Body mass index | Overweight | 600 (32.9) | 22 (3.7) | 39 (6.5) | 434 (72.3) | 105 (17.5) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.658 |
| Normal weight | 1052 (57.6) | 45 (4.3) | 81 (7.7) | 785 (74.6) | 141 (13.4) | 1.03 | 0.60 | 1.79 | 1.21 | 0.80 | 1.84 | ||
| Missing | 174 (9.5) | 8 (4.6) | 20 (11.5) | 108 (62.1) | 38 (21.8) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Physical activity habits | Sedentary | 239 (13.1) | 12 (5.0) | 14 (5.9) | 176 (73.6) | 37 (15.5) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.281 |
| Partially active | 995 (54.5) | 31 (3.1) | 79 (7.9) | 733 (73.7) | 152 (15.3) | 0.60 | 0.30 | 1.21 | 1.30 | 0.72 | 2.37 | ||
| Active | 548 (30.0) | 30 (5.5) | 45 (8.2) | 398 (72.6) | 75 (13.7) | 0.99 | 0.49 | 2.02 | 1.39 | 0.74 | 2.62 | ||
| Missing | 44 (2.4) | 2 (4.5) | 2 (4.5) | 20 (45.5) | 20 (45.5) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Cigarette smoking habits | Smoker | 389 (21.3) | 72 (18.5) | 127 (32.6) | 171 (44.0) | 19 (4.9) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | <0.001 |
| Non-smoker | 1195 (65.4) | 2 (0.2) | 6 (0.5) | 987 (82.6) | 200 (16.7) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.02 | ||
| Former smoker | 189 (10.4) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (2.6) | 156 (82.5) | 28 (14.8) | - | 0 | - | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.11 | ||
| Missing | 53 (2.9) | 1 (1.9) | 2 (3.8) | 13 (24.5) | 37 (69.8) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Psychological distress | |||||||||||||
| Tension | Yes | 359 (19.7) | 17 (4.7) | 37 (10.3) | 248 (69.1) | 57 (15.9) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.129 |
| No | 1337 (73.2) | 55 (4.1) | 97 (7.3) | 1006 (75.2) | 179 (13.4) | 0.90 | 0.50 | 1.60 | 0.65 | 0.43 | 0.99 | ||
| Missing | 130 (7.1) | 3 (2.3) | 6 (4.6) | 73 (56.2) | 48 (36.9) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Upset | Yes | 372 (20.4) | 15 (4.0) | 39 (10.5) | 264 (71.0) | 54 (14.5) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.034 |
| No | 1284 (70.3) | 55 (4.3) | 84 (6.5) | 975 (75.9) | 170 (13.2) | 1.02 | 0.56 | 1.87 | 0.58 | 0.38 | 0.88 | ||
| Missing | 170 (9.3) | 5 (2.9) | 17 (10.0) | 88 (51.8) | 60 (35.3) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Worry | Yes | 810 (44.4) | 31 (3.8) | 64 (7.9) | 595 (73.5) | 120 (14.8) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.918 |
| No | 914 (50.1) | 40 (4.4) | 69 (7.5) | 677 (74.1) | 128 (14.0) | 1.11 | 0.67 | 1.84 | 1.00 | 0.69 | 1.45 | ||
| Missing | 102 (5.6) | 4 (3.9) | 7 (6.9) | 55 (53.9) | 36 (35.3) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Fear | Yes | 303 (16.6) | 9 (3.0) | 30 (9.9) | 209 (69.0) | 55 (18.2) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.224 |
| No | 1404 (76.9) | 62 (4.4) | 105 (7.5) | 1047 (74.6) | 190 (13.5) | 1.36 | 0.65 | 2.83 | 0.72 | 0.46 | 1.12 | ||
| Missing | 119 (6.5) | 4 (3.4) | 5 (4.2) | 71 (59.7) | 39 (32.8) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Loneliness | Yes | 249 (13.6) | 17 (6.8) | 28 (11.2) | 166 (66.7) | 38 (15.3) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.027 |
| No | 1439 (78.8) | 53(3.7) | 105 (7.3) | 1089 (75.7) | 192 (13.3) | 0.55 | 0.31 | 1.01 | 0.61 | 0.39 | 0.97 | ||
| Missing | 138 (7.6) | 5 (3.6) | 7 (5.1) | 72 (52.2) | 54 (39.1) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Uncertainty | Yes | 996 (54.5) | 40 (4.0) | 98 (9.8) | 725 (72.8) | 133 (13.4) | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 0.011 |
| No | 778 (42.6) | 32 (4.1) | 41 (5.3) | 574 (73.8) | 131 (16.8) | 1.05 | 0.64 | 1.72 | 0.56 | 0.38 | 0.82 | ||
| Missing | 52 (2.8) | 3 (5.8) | 1 (1.9) | 28 (53.8) | 20 (38.5) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
ORs are adjusted for age, sex and education level. Age is adjusted for sex and education level; sex is adjusted for age and education level; education level is adjusted for age and sex.