Abstract
目的
探讨后侧腘窝 S 形切口双窗口入路治疗胫骨平台后柱骨折的临床疗效和安全性。
方法
2015 年 5 月—2017 年 7 月收治 13 例同时累及后内侧柱和后外侧柱的复杂胫骨平台骨折。其中男 9 例,女 4 例;年龄 33~64 岁,平均 46.5 岁。致伤原因:交通事故伤 5 例,高处坠落伤 2 例,骑电动车摔伤 4 例,滑雪摔伤 2 例。术前膝关节活动度(35.1±9.2)°。受伤至手术时间 7~19 d,平均 13.3 d。采用后侧腘窝 S 形切口,分别经腓肠肌内侧头内侧(内侧窗)及腓肠肌内外侧头之间(腘窝窗)进入,直视下复位骨折并接骨板内固定。术后随访观察骨折愈合、下肢力线、关节面复位情况及膝关节活动度;术后 12 个月采用美国特种外科医院(HSS)膝关节功能评定标准评价膝关节功能。
结果
术后 1 例患者出现切口脂肪液化开裂,给予扩创后愈合;其余患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合,术中未发生血管神经损伤。患者均获随访,随访时间 12~18 个月,平均 16 个月。X 线片复查示,骨折均愈合,愈合时间 14~22 周,平均 18 周。术后 12 个月随访关节面平整,无塌陷;膝关节活动度(109.5±13.6)°,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(t=18.879,P=0.000)。随访期间均未发生感染、骨折再次移位及继发膝关节内、外翻畸形等并发症。术后 12 个月膝关节 HSS 评分为 82~96 分,平均 89.6 分;获优 10 例,良 3 例。
结论
采用后侧腘窝 S 形切口双窗口入路治疗同时累及后内侧柱及后外侧柱的胫骨平台后柱骨折安全有效,膝关节功能恢复满意,临床疗效好。
Keywords: 胫骨平台骨折, 后柱骨折, 后侧入路
Abstract
Objective
To evaluate the effectiveness and safty of posterior popliteal fossa S-shaped incision with double-window approach for the treatment of posterior column of tibial plateau fractures.
Methods
A retrospective analysis was made on the clinical data of 13 patients with complex tibial plateau fractures involving both posteromedial and posterolateral columns between May 2015 and July 2017. There were 9 males and 4 females, aged 33-64 years (mean, 46.5 years). The causes of injury included traffic accident in 5 cases, falling from height in 2 cases, falling from electric bicycle in 4 cases, and falling because of skiing in 2 cases. The preoperative range of motion of the affected knees was (35.1±9.2)°. The time from injury to surgery was 7-19 days (mean, 13.3 days). All patients underwent a posterior popliteal fossa S-shaped incision through the window of medial heads of gastrocnemius muscle (medial window) and the window between medial and lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle (popliteal fossa window) approaches. After a good visual control of fracture reduction, both posteromedial and posterolateral columns of tibial plateau fractures were fixed with buttress plate respectively. Bone union, limb alignment, articular surface, and range of motion were estimated after operation. The American Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) score was used to evaluate functional outcomes of knees.
Results
After operation, 1 patient had fat liquefaction and dehiscence of incision, which healed after expanding the wound; the other patients’ incisions healed by first intention, and no vascular or nerve injury occurred during operation. All the 13 patients were followed up 12-18 months (mean, 16 months). The X-ray films showed that all patients obtained good fracture unions, the fracture healing time was 14-22 weeks (mean, 18 weeks). At 12 months after operation, the articular surface was smooth without collapse, and the knee range of motion was (109.5±13.6)°, showing significant difference when compared with preoperative value (t=18.879, P=0.000). No complication of infection, re-displacement of fracture, or secondary varus/valgus deformity was observed during follow-up. The HSS score was 82-96 (mean, 89.6) at 12 months after operation, with the result of excellent in 10 cases and good in 3 cases.
Conclusion
The posterior column fracture of tibial plateau involving both posteromedial and posterolateral columns treated by double-window approach through posterior popliteal fossa S-shaped incision is safe and effective, with satisfactory results and good recovery of knee joint function.
Keywords: Tibial plateau fracture, posterior column fracture, posterior approach
胫骨平台后柱骨折主要是膝关节屈曲位时受到轴向暴力,造成胫骨平台后髁在冠状面上发生劈裂[1-2],其中屈曲外翻暴力导致的后外侧柱骨折约占胫骨平台骨折的 7%[3]。目前,在复位固定后外侧柱骨折时,临床上应用较广泛的是扩大的后外侧入路[4]、经腓骨颈截骨入路[5]及倒 L 形入路[6-7];但这些入路对于同时累及后外侧柱及后内侧柱的骨折,在暴露及复位固定时较为困难。为解决此问题,2015 年 5 月—2017 年 7 月,我们采用后侧腘窝 S 形切口,分别经腓肠肌内侧头内侧(内侧窗)及腓肠肌内外侧头之间(腘窝窗)进入,复位固定同时累及后内侧柱及后外侧柱的复杂胫骨平台骨折患者 13 例,临床效果满意。报告如下。
1. 临床资料
1.1. 一般资料
本组男 9 例,女 4 例;年龄 33~64 岁,平均 46.5 岁。致伤原因:交通事故伤 5 例,高处坠落伤 2 例,骑电动车摔伤 4 例,滑雪摔伤 2 例。均表现为患侧膝关节肿胀、疼痛,不能站立行走,其中 1 例患者膝关节周围布满张力性水疱。均为屈曲型暴力导致胫骨平台后柱骨折,同时累及后内侧柱和后外侧柱;其中 1 例同时合并前外侧柱骨折,2 例合并前交叉韧带止点撕脱骨折。术前膝关节活动度(35.1±9.2)°。受伤至手术时间 7~19 d,平均 13.3 d。术前均行 X 线片、三维 CT 及 MRI 检查。
1.2. 手术方法
入院后给予伸膝位骨牵引和应用消肿、镇痛、抗凝药物,改善皮肤软组织条件,待皮肤出现褶皱时行手术治疗。患者于全麻或持续硬膜外麻醉下取俯卧位,踝关节下方放置软垫使膝关节呈半屈曲位。采用后路 S 形切口,起自腓肠肌内侧头内侧表面,沿腘横纹向外侧延伸并止于股二头肌腱内侧。切开皮肤、皮下组织,直视下牵开保护大小隐静脉及腓肠内外侧皮神经。从腓肠肌内侧头内侧(内侧窗)进入平台后内侧柱,后内侧骨块大多粉碎程度轻并移位较少,根据后内侧柱的齿状复位标志重建后内侧柱;在伸膝位复位后,给予克氏针临时固定,透视满意后将后侧解剖锁定接骨板放置于骨折顶点处并加压固定,实现剪切力转化为压应力的加压支撑固定。进一步处理后外侧柱骨折,从腓肠肌内外侧头之间(腘窝窗)进入,腘血管神经束连同腓肠肌外侧头牵向外侧,必要时结扎腘肌表面的膝下内侧动脉,扩大后外侧柱骨折的暴露,自骨膜下向外侧钝性分离腘肌后显露平台后外侧柱;掀开后外侧壁,直视下复位并推顶恢复关节面平整后,克氏针临时固定,透视满意后以桡骨远端 3.5 mm 斜 T 型非锁定钢板固定。合并前外侧柱骨折及前交叉韧带止点撕脱骨折者需翻身进行前侧骨折块的复位固定。术毕放置引流管充分引流,逐层关闭切口。
1.3. 术后处理
术后抬高患肢,佩戴可调节活动度的支具;麻醉清醒后指导患者行踝泵功能锻炼;术后第 2 天引流量<50 mL/d 时拔除引流管,指导患者进行股四头肌收缩功能锻炼;拆线后指导患者于 CPM 机辅助下被动膝关节屈伸功能锻炼;术后 2 个月患肢从 20 kg 开始逐渐负重行走,待 X 线片示骨折完全愈合后可完全负重行走。
1.4. 疗效评价指标
术后观察切口及血管神经情况。术后 1、3、6 个月及之后每半年复查 X 线片,观察骨折愈合、下肢力线、关节面复位情况及膝关节活动度;术后 12 个月采用美国特种外科医院(HSS)膝关节功能评定标准[8]评价膝关节功能。
1.5. 统计学方法
采用 SPSS22.0 统计软件进行分析。数据以均数±标准差表示,手术前后比较采用配对 t 检验;检验水准 α=0.05。
2. 结果
术后 1 例患者出现切口脂肪液化开裂,给予扩创后愈合;其余患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合,术中未发生血管神经损伤。术后 13 例均获随访,随访时间 12~18 个月,平均 16 个月。患者骨折均愈合,愈合时间 14~22 周,平均 18 周。术后 12 个月随访关节面平整,无塌陷;膝关节活动度(109.5±13.6)°,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(t=18.879,P=0.000)。随访期间均未发生感染、骨折再次移位及继发膝关节内、外翻畸形等并发症。术后 12 个月膝关节 HSS 评分为 82~96 分,平均 89.6 分;获优 10 例,良 3 例。见图 1。
图 1.
A 46-year-old female patient with left tibial plateau fractures invloving both posteromedial and posterolateral columns combined with tibial eminence avulsion fracture of anterior cruciate ligament after a traffic accident
患者,女,46 岁,交通事故伤致左膝同时累及后内侧柱及后外侧柱的胫骨平台骨折,合并前交叉韧带止点撕脱骨折
a. 术前正侧位 X 线片;b. 术前 CT 横断位;c. 术前 CT 矢状位;d. 术前 CT 冠状位;e. 术中内侧窗;f. 术中腘窝窗;g. 术中复位固定后透视;h. 术后即刻 S 形切口;i. 术后 16 周正侧位 X 线片示骨折解剖复位、愈合良好,关节面平整;j. 术后 12 个月膝关节屈伸功能位
a. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films before operation; b. Transversal CT view before operation; c. Sagittal CT view before operation; d. Coronary CT view before operation; e. Medial window during operation; f. Popliteal fassa window during operation; g. Intraoperative fluoroscopy after reduction and fixation; h. S-shaped incision at immediate after operation; i. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films at 16 weeks after operation, showing anatomically restored, good healing, and smooth articular surface; j. Flexion and extension positions of knee joint at 12 months after operation
3. 讨论
按照罗从风等的基于 CT 的三柱分型原理[1],胫骨平台后柱骨折的概念逐渐广泛应用于临床[9-10],它是膝关节处于屈曲状态下受到高能量暴力导致的骨折,膝关节处于内翻或外翻状态下可能会主要累及后内侧柱或后外侧柱,严重的暴力往往导致三柱骨折。单纯后柱骨折仅占需要手术的胫骨平台骨折的 7.8%[11]。胫骨平台骨折主要表现为骨折的劈裂和塌陷两种形式[12],后内侧柱骨折多表现为较大骨折块的劈裂分离,而后外侧柱骨折多合并关节面塌陷。根据 AO 内固定原理,钢板需放置于正对暴力作用的方向。对于胫骨平台后柱骨折,后侧入路可将钢板放置于平台后方,对复位后的骨折块提供最强支撑力;而临床上常用的前侧入路很难同时对平台后内侧柱及后外侧柱骨折块进行牢固加压支撑固定。膝关节后内侧倒 L 形切口[13]将腓肠肌内侧头牵向外侧,必要时自止点处部分切断以增加术野暴露,但对肥胖及腓肠肌肥厚的患者,自此入路暴露后外侧柱操作空间狭小,复位固定仍较困难。针对处理比较困难的后外侧柱骨折,众多学者提出不同的入路[14-17],但临床上仍面临操作空间有限、易导致医源性血管神经损伤等缺点。有学者报道[18-19]采用后正中或后侧 S 形入路,并切断腓肠肌内侧头,或自腘窝分离血管神经束,分别暴露后内侧柱及后外侧柱,但剥离范围较大,手术创伤大。
单纯后内侧柱骨折可选择倒 L 形入路进行复位固定;单纯后外侧柱骨折可根据骨折累及的范围程度,选择前侧入路、扩大的后外侧入路或后侧入路进行复位固定。但对胫骨平台后外侧皮质不完整、后外侧壁漂浮,同时有后外侧关节面塌陷的后外侧柱骨折,尤其同时合并有后内侧柱骨折的患者,采用俯卧位腘窝 S 形切口双窗口入路,具有以下优点:① 可以一个切口同时处理后内侧柱及后外侧柱两处骨折,术中应用 3.5 mm T 形桡骨远端接骨板便于塑形,实现压力侧的支撑牢固固定,满足术后早期功能锻炼需求;② 避免了增加切口导致的皮肤软组织坏死风险;③ 从肌间隙进入,血管神经束均在直视下给予保护,出血少,损伤概率低,对腓肠肌肥厚、术中采用倒 L 形入路暴露后外侧柱困难的患者尤其适用;④ 术后并发症少,安全性高。但其也存在一些缺点,如合并前侧骨折需进一步复位固定的患者需术中改变体位;在俯卧位进行透视不方便,骨折愈合后经腓肠肌内外侧头之间的腘窝窗取出内固定物比较困难,故非必要情况不建议取出内固定物。因此,对累及三柱的复杂胫骨平台骨折、需前后联合切口进行复位固定的患者,建议术中可采取漂浮体位或半患侧卧位[20],减少术中翻身,缩短止血带使用时间及手术时间,减少感染风险。
综上述,采用后侧腘窝 S 形切口双窗口入路治疗同时累及后内侧柱及后外侧柱的胫骨平台骨折,可以获得良好的显露,手术安全可靠,为复杂的后柱骨折处理提供了一种选择。
作者贡献:姚俊娜直接参与实施手术,撰写文章;权松涛、蔡利涛参与实施手术;冯伟参与实施手术,数据收集及统计分析;王洪刚、杨明路对文章的知识性内容作批评性审阅。
利益冲突:所有作者声明,在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突。课题经费支持没有影响文章观点和对研究数据客观结果的统计分析及其报道。
Funding Statement
广东省科技计划项目(2016A020215046);广东省自然科学基金资助项目(2016A030313240)
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