Abstract
Purpose
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis threatens global tuberculosis care and prevention and remains a major public health concern in many countries. In 2016, there were an estimated 490,000 cases of MDR and 110,000 more cases resistant to rifampicin (RR TB). Ethiopia is among the highest MDR TB burden countries according to the WHO. This study aims to describe the magnitude, trends, and geographical distribution of the drug-resistant TB in Bale Zone during study period.
Materials and Methods
A descriptive study was conducted. We reviewed secondary data of MDR and RR TB cases from July 2014 to June 2018. Data were extracted from the Bale zone health management information system database, checked for completeness, and then analyzed for trends over time.
Results
A total of 43 cases (67.4% female) of drug-resistant TB were reviewed, with 30.2% MDR and 69.8% RR TB. The prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis cases declined from 0.81% to 0.62% (trend χ2=2.18; P=0.14) during study period. Among drug-resistant TB cases, RR TB increased from 52.6% to 81% (trend χ2=6.5; P=0.01).
Conclusion
Drug-resistant TB decreased over the period studied, although the trend did not reach statistical significance. These trends may reflect the efficacy of TB control programs to reduce drug-resistant TB transmission, as well as improved RR TB detection due to increased use of molecular diagnostic platforms like GeneXpert MTB/RIF.
Keywords: tuberculosis, multidrug-resistance, rifampicin-resistance
Introduction
Multidrug resistance tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is tuberculosis resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampicin, which require more expensive and toxic drugs.1 Drug-resistant tuberculosis is a serious challenge to the world tuberculosis prevention and control efforts, particularly in low-resource countries like Ethiopia.1,2
In 2016, globally there were an estimated 600,000 new cases of drug-resistant TB. Of these cases, 82% (490,000) were multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and an additional 110,000 cases were susceptible to isoniazid but resistant to rifampicin.1 An estimated 4.1% of new cases and 19% of previously treated cases had MDR and RR TB.1 In Sub-Saharan Africa, the pooled prevalence of multidrug tuberculosis was 2.1% in new cases of TB.3
Ethiopia has one of the highest burdens of TB in the world, including MDR TB.1 The overall prevalence of multidrug tuberculosis was 1.4%.4 In Ethiopia in 2016, an estimated 2.7% of all new cases involved multidrug-resistant and rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis, and an estimated 14% of previously treated cases involved multidrug-resistant and rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis.1 The prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis was particularly high among previously treated tuberculosis patients.2
Control of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is one of the six components of End TB strategy.5 Trend analysis of the drug-resistant TB is crucial in evaluating the effectiveness of TB prevention and control programs. No such analyses have previously looked at trends for MDR and RR TB specifically in the Bale Zone. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the magnitude and trends of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Bale Zone from July 2014 to June 2018.
Materials and Methods
Study Setting
The study was conducted in the Bale zone, which is one of the zones in Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. It is located about 400 kilometers Southwest of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. According to an administrative report, the estimated population of the Zone is 1,854,699. Of these, 944,042 (51%) are males and 86.4% were rural residents. Bale zone is divided into 15 administrative districts (woredas) and 386 kebeles (smallest administrative unit). There are five public hospitals, 85 health centers, and 380 health posts in the Bale Zone.
Study Design and Population
A retrospective study was conducted to describe the magnitude and trends of drug-resistant tuberculosis in the Bale Zone. All drug resistance tuberculosis cases reported to the Bale Zone health office from July 2014 to June 2018 were the study population.
Case Definitions
Confirmed Drug Resistance TB Cases
A case resistance at least to Isoniazid and Rifampicin which is confirmed by GeneXpert.6,7
Presumptive Drug Resistance TB Case
A tuberculosis case suspected for drug-resistant TB and identified based on certain epidemiologically derived criteria.6,7
Epidemiologically Derived Criteria
A tuberculosis case with at least any of these: failure of the retreatment TB regimen, Symptomatic close contacts of confirmed/presumed DR-TB cases, Sputum smear positive at 3rd month of TB retreatment, Failure of New TB regimen, Relapse after second or subsequent course of TB treatment.6,7
Source of Data and Procedure
The records of drug resistance tuberculosis data from July 2014 to June 2018 were extracted from the Bale zone health office health management information system database. In the Bale Zone, peripheral health facilities report the drug-resistant TB to the district health office monthly. The data is inputted and stored in the Bale Zone health office health management information system database. So, this data extracted by person, place, and time. Other’s data related to population were also collected from the Bale zone health office.
Data Quality Control
To ensure data quality data extraction format was prepared primary and used for data collection. Data of drug resistance tuberculosis were checked for completeness by year from July 2014 to June 2018 for all variables then analyzed by person, place, and time. The overall process of data extraction was followed by the principal investigator and any incomplete data were excluded from the analysis.
Data Analysis Procedure
The data were primary prepared in the data extraction Microsoft excel worksheet 2016 and analyzed using Epi info version 7.2 software. Descriptive statistics were employed to calculate the frequency and percentage of drug resistance tuberculosis cases by a person (age, gender), place (woredas), and time (years). Findings were summarized using tables, graphs.
Results
Among the 9014 TB cases reported in the Bale zone during the study period, 3.8% (346) met the criteria for being presumptive drug-resistant TB cases. Among these, a total of 43 drug-resistant tuberculosis cases were confirmed, representing 12.4% (43/346) of all presumptive drug-resistant TB cases. Among these 43 cases, 30 (69.8%) were RR TB (rifampicin resistance alone) and the remaining 13 (30.2%) were MDR TB. Of all cases reported 29 (67.4%) are female and 40 (93%) cases are greater than 15 years of age (Table 1).
Table 1.
Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis and All Type Tuberculosis Cases by Sex and Age from July 2014 to June 2018, Bale Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia, 2019
| Variables | DR TB Cases | All Type Tuberculosis Cases | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Male | 14 | 4882 |
| Female | 29 | 4132 | |
| Age | Less than 15 | 3 | 1625 |
| Equal or greater than 15 | 40 | 7389 | |
Among drug-resistant TB cases, the majority of them were reported from four hospitals: Goba General Hospital, Robe Hospital, Gindhir Hospital, and Delomana Hospital (27.9%, 23.3%, 18.6% and 16.3%, respectively). The prevalence of drug-resistant TB from all types of tuberculosis cases was 3.77%, 3.13%, 2.68%, and 1.84% at Goba General Hospital, Robe Hospital, Gindhir Hospital, and Delomana Hospital (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
Prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis cases among all type TB cases from July, 2014 to June, 2018 by Woreda and Hospitals, Bale zone, Oromia region, Ethiopia, 2019.
The prevalence of drug-resistant TB cases from all type TB cases were 0.81%, 0.24%, 0.29%, and 0.62% in 2014/15, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. This prevalence decreased from 0.81% in 2014/15 to 0.62 in 2018, but the decline did not achieve statistical significance, with a downward trend in odd ratios (Trendχ2=2.18, p value=0.14) (Figure 2). However, among drug resistance TB cases, the proportion of RR TB cases increased significantly from 52.6% in 2014/15 to 81% in 2018, with upward trend in odd ratios (Trendχ2= 6.5, p value=0.01) and yearly rate increase of 30.4% (Figure 3).
Figure 2.
Prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis cases and presumptive drug-resistant tuberculosis cases among all type TB cases from July, 2014 to June, 2018 by years, Bale zone, Oromia region, Ethiopia, 2019.
Figure 3.
Prevalence of RR and MDR-TB cases from drug-resistant tuberculosis cases from July, 2014 to June, 2018 by years, Bale zone, Oromia region, Ethiopia, 2019.
Discussion
The overall prevalence of drug-resistant TB among all TB cases in the Bale Zone was 0.48% (43/9014) and 0.68% (43/6279) among pulmonary TB. This finding was lower compared to a similar study conducted in China.8,9 This may be due to differences in the structure of the healthcare systems and methods for detecting drug resistance TB, as well as socioeconomic differences between the countries. Our findings are also lower as compared to the 2017 WHO TB report, which showed that 4.1% of new and 19% of previously treated TB cases involved MDR or RR TB.1 Our prevalence rates were also lower as compared to a systematic review study conducted in Ethiopia.2 This might be partly due to both the 2017 WHO TB report and the systematic review study conducted in Ethiopia estimated the prevalence of MDR-TB in new cases and previously treated cases separately but in our study, we could not estimate the prevalence of drug-resistant TB separately for new and previously treated TB. Our study also indicated that the overall prevalence of drug-resistant TB among pulmonary TB was 0.68%. This finding was lower that was found in a prior study conducted in Ethiopia which showed an MDR prevalence of 1.6% among pulmonary TB cases.10 Our finding indicated that the prevalence of DST-confirmed drug-resistant TB among presumptive drug-resistant TB cases was 12.4%, which was lower as compared to a prior study conducted in the Oromia region which showed an MDR TB rate of 33% among presumptive drug-resistant TB cases.11
Analysis of 43 drug-resistant tuberculosis cases showed that females were more affected by drug-resistant tuberculosis. This finding consistent with the study conducted in China,8,9 however, contrary to the study conducted in India and Brazil.12,13 Our findings indicated that the majority of the cases were among people aged greater than 15 years. This finding consistent with the study conducted in China and India.8,9,13 This reflects the fact that most TB cases are among adults. Also, adults are more likely to have been previously exposed to treatment.7,13,14
In this study, drug-resistant TB prevalence seemed to decline in Bale Zone during the study period, but the overall decline was statistically insignificant. The rising proportion of RR TB among drug-resistant TB cases was statistically significant and consistent with a similar study conducted in China.9 This may in part reflect the increasing use of molecular diagnostic testing platforms such as GeneXpert MTB/RIF in diagnosing patients.5
The prevalence of drug-resistant TB at Goba General Hospital was nearly 4%, higher than all other reporting sites. This is likely due to the hospital being a major referral hospital for TB patients.
The findings of this study are very helpful for the local program managers in controlling drug resistance TB and it will also help researchers to conduct further study using the findings of five years trend identified. Since we have used the existing secondary data its inherent limitations were not excluded. We discuss only variables on the reporting format so it is not possible to show the association between drug-resistant tuberculosis and other factors.
Conclusion
The prevalence of drug-resistant TB was low in Bale Zone. Drug-resistant TB decreased over the period studied, although the trend did not reach statistical significance. These trends may reflect the efficacy of TB control programs to reduce drug-resistant TB transmission, as well as improved RR TB detection due to increased use of molecular diagnostic platforms like GeneXpert MTB/RIF. Despite these trends, Bale Zone and the rest of Ethiopia face huge challenges to meet the new World Health Organization target of ending as a public health threat by 2035.5 We recommend that future research examines risk factors for why women are more affected by drug-resistant TB.
Acknowledgments
We thank the Bale zone health office, health management information system department staff for their support during data collection. We would like to appreciate Mr. Naod Berhanu and Mr. Henok Assefa for their support and advice during this study.
Funding Statement
This research has no funding.
Abbreviations
DR TB, drug-resistant tuberculosis; MDR TB, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis; TB, tuberculosis; WHO, World Health Organization.
Data Sharing Statement
The data supporting our findings are available from the corresponding author upon request.
Ethical Approval
The study used existing secondary data from tuberculosis prevention and control program department database of Bale zone. Confidentiality of the data was assured and was used to this study only. Permission to use data and conduct the study was obtained from Bale zone health department and study has been granted an exemption by Jimma University ethical review board.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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