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. 2021 May;9(10):857. doi: 10.21037/atm-21-1794

Tumor microenvironment immune-related lncRNA signature for patients with melanoma

Jia-Hui Guo 1,#, Shan-Shan Yin 1,#, Hua Liu 2,✉, Feng Liu 1,✉, Feng-Hou Gao 1,^,✉
PMCID: PMC8184426  PMID: 34164491

Abstract

Background

The incidence of malignant melanoma accounts for only approximately 5% of skin malignant tumors, however, it accounts for 75% of its mortality. Long-chain non-coding RNA (lncRNA) has a wide range of functional activities. Disorders of lncRNAs may lead to the occurrence and development of melanoma, and may also be related to immunotherapy.

Methods

The transcriptomic data of primary and metastatic melanoma patients and 331 immune-related genes were downloaded from skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) in the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. On this basis, 460 immunologically relevant lncRNAs were identified by constructing a co-expression network of immunogenic genes and lncRNAs in primary and metastatic melanoma patients. Prognostic genes were screened using univariate Cox regression analysis. ROC analysis was performed to evaluate the robustness of the prognostic signature.

Results

Univariate correlation analysis showed that only 3 of the 23 immune-related lncRNAs were at high risk and the rest were at low risk. Signatures of 7 immune-related lncRNAs were identified by multivariate correlation analysis. The clinical correlation analysis showed that the 7 immune-related lncRNAs were associated with the clinical stage of primary and metastatic melanoma. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that only 7 immune-related lncRNA signals divided tumor patients into high-risk and low-risk groups, while the low-risk group was enriched in the immune system process M13664 and immune response M19817 sets. PPI interaction network analysis showed that 11 G protein-coupled receptors and 6 corresponding ligands in the 2 gene sets affected the tumor microenvironment and were negatively related to the risk of the 7 immune-related lncRNAs. The tumor microenvironment immune cell infiltration analysis also supported the finding that anti-tumor immunity in the low-risk group was stronger than in the high-risk group.

Conclusions

These results indicate that characteristics of the 7 immune-related lncRNAs have prognostic value for melanoma patients and can be used as potential immunotherapy targets.

Keywords: Long non-coding RNA, melanoma, immune, signature, risk

Introduction

The incidence of malignant melanoma only accounts for approximately 5% of skin malignant tumors, but accounts for 75% of its mortality (1,2). Melanoma can easily metastasize to the brain, liver, lungs, and other important organs (3-6). Benefiting from the immune checkpoint inhibitors, the survival time of patients with advanced melanoma over 5 years has increased from 10% to more than 30%, but many immune checkpoint inhibitors still fail (7-9). Therefore, more and more researches are committed to finding novel mechanisms and treatment strategies. Arasu found that IHH present in the HAS3-EVs from melanoma cells activates the hedgehog signaling pathway in the recipient cells, leads to an increase in proliferation and EMT (10). Cabrita indicated that tertiary lymphoid structures improve immunotherapy and survival in melanoma (11). Tseng reported that co-targeting BET (bromodomain and extra-terminal proteins) and MCL1 induces synergistic cell death, and appears to be a promising therapeutic approach for metastatic melanoma (12). Sharma reported that bempegaldesleukin (NKTR-214), an engineered IL-2 cytokine prodrug, selectively depletes intratumoral Tregs and potentiates T cell-mediated cancer therapy (13). In fact, the detection methods or models with good predictive value for the melanoma progression and therapeutic efficiency are also important. If the patient’s risk can be predicted before therapy, it may increase the effectiveness of the treatment. Aya-Bonilla CA found that despite the high phenotypic and molecular heterogeneity of melanoma CTCs, multimarker derived CTC scores could serve as viable tools for prognostication and treatment response monitoring in patients with metastatic melanoma (14). Pruessmann pointed out the prognostic value of T cell fraction (TCFr) in primary melanoma at risk for metastatic recurrence (15).

Long-chain non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have wide-ranging functional activities. Disorders of lncRNAs may lead to the occurrence and development of melanoma, and may also be related to immunotherapy. LncRNA SLNCR1 mediates melanoma invasion via its conserved SRA1-like region (16). The role of lncRNA SAMMSON in driving the mitochondrial function of melanoma had been reported (17,18). Targeting SAMMSON (whose gene is often co-amplified with MITF) highlights the vulnerability of new cell type specific therapy in melanoma, which is not related to BRAF, NRAS, or p53 status (19). LncRNA CCAT1 promotes the proliferation and invasion of melanoma cells by targeting miRNA-33a (20). LncRNA ILF3-AS1 up-regulates the proliferation, migration, and invasion of melanoma cells by inhibiting miRNA-200b/a/429 (21). Tumor progression is not only based on the evolution of the tumor cells themselves, but also the inhibition of the tumor microenvironment in the immune state (22). LncRNAs are not only involved in the progression of melanoma, but may also affect the patient’s anti-tumor immunity. LncRNAs exhibited widespread expression patterns in CD4+, CD8+, and CD14+ peripheral blood cells of patients with stage IV melanoma (22). Recently, immune-related lncRNAs signature has been used as predictors for prognosis, survival and immunotherapeutic efficiency in various cancers, such as breast cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma and bladder cancer (23-26). Exploring melanoma immune-related lncRNAs may predict melanoma patients’ responsiveness to immunotherapy and may also be used as potential therapeutic targets. Zhou JG identified a 15 predictive lncRNAs signature for prognosis in advanced melanoma patients treated with anti-PD-1 monotherapy. And the different genes between two consensus clusters were mainly related to the immune process (27). Additionally, 8 immune-related lncRNAs could divide melanoma patients into high- and low-risk groups, and effectively predict the prognosis (28).

In our study, we used the transcriptome data of cutaneous melanoma patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database to establish the signature of immune-related lncRNAs for patients with cutaneous melanoma. This provides a basis for predicting patient responsiveness to immunotherapy, and also provides targets for further exploring the regulation of lncRNAs to change the responsiveness of patients to immunotherapy.

We present the following article in accordance with the MDAR reporting checklist (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-21-1794).

Methods

Patients and datasets

TCGA- SKCM (skin cutaneous melanoma) is available on the TCGA Data Portal (https://tcga-data.nci.nih.gov/tcga/). The data downloaded from the TCGA Data Portal included age, gender, clinical stage, survival status and survival time. Since the data was obtained from the public databases, approval from the Ethics committee or written informed consent from patients was not required. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013).

LncRNA profile mining

A total of 14,142 lncRNAs were obtained from the TCGA-SKCM transcriptome dataset. The immune-related genes (immune system process M13664, immune response M19817) were extracted from the molecular signature database v4.0, and a total of 331 genes were obtained. Finally, 460 immune-related lncRNAs were identified by constructing an immuno-lncRNAs co-expression network.

Signature development

Based on the 460 immune-related lncRNAs, prognostic genes were screened using univariate Cox regression analysis. According to the P values, the immune-related lncRNAs were sorted in ascending order. P<0.001 was selected as the critical value, and 23 genes were selected for marker development. To determine the predictive survival characteristics, multivariate Cox analysis was performed. High-risk and low-risk groups were classified using a median risk score, and Exprgenen was defined as the expression of lncRNA.

Overall survival curve and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis

According to their risk scores obtained through the prognostic signature, all samples were divided into 2 subgroups, and Kaplan-Meier analysis was used for the comparison of the 2 groups’ survival events. ROC analysis was performed to evaluate the robustness of the prognosis.

Univariate Cox regression and multivariate Cox regression analyses

The univariate Cox regression analysis was performed with the survival package of R version 3.1. A log-rank test P<0.05 was considered significant. Multivariate Cox regression analysis estimated regression coefficients were used to identify the prognostic signature of the risk scores.

Principal component analysis (PCA) and the immune and stromal scores

PCA was performed using R software (version 3.2.3). The immune scores were calculated using the ESTIMATE package of R version 4.0.2.

Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and Venn diagrams

GSEA (http://www.broadinstitute.org/gsea/index.jsp) was used for functional annotation between the 2 groups. The Venn diagrams of overlapping genes among immune process and response groups were plotted using the VennDiagram package version 1.6.20.

Construction of the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network

The PPI was derived from the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) database (https://string-db.org/, version 11.0) and was reconstructed via Cytoscape version 3.7.1. The interaction score >0.9 was set as the criteria. The Molecular COmplex DEtection (MCODE) plugin of Cytoscape was utilized to identify the most significant clusters.

Comparing the 22 immune cell subtypes between the high and low risk score groups

The CIBERSORT package was used to assess the proportions of 22 immune cell subtypes in two groups based on the expression profiles. The number of permutations was set at 1,000. Samples with P<0.05 in the CIBERSORT analysis results were used in further analysis. The differences in immune cell subtypes between the high and low risk score groups were evaluated by Mann-Whitney U test.

Statistical analysis

The data was processed using the PERL programming language (Version 5.32.0 http://www.perl.org). All statistical analyses were performed using R software (version 4.0.2, https://www.r-project.org/). P<0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.

Results

Identification of the 7 immune-related lncRNA signature in patients with melanoma

The transcriptome data of SKCM in the TCGA database were downloaded and the mRNA and lncRNA expression data were extracted. A total of 331 immune-related genes were extracted from the molecular marker database v4.0 (Immune System Process M13664, immune response M19817). The immune-related lncRNAs were identified by constructing a co-expression network of immune lncRNAs, and finally 460 immune-related lncRNAs were identified. Combined with survival status and time in the TCGA-SKCM data, 20 low-risk and 3 high-risk immune-related lncRNAs were screened at P<0.001 (Figure 1A). Next, multivariate risk-immunity-related lncRNAs developed 7 immune-related lncRNA signatures (WAC-AS1, USP30-AS1, LINC01138, SPRY4-AS1, ZNF667-AS1, AC018553.1, and AC008060.3) and it was observed that with the increase of risk score, the number of patient deaths increased and the survival time of surviving patients shortened (Figure 1B,C). The expression levels of the 7 immune-related lncRNAs were also different when the risk score was elevated. ZNF667-AS1, AC008060.3, and AC018553.1 were gradually increased with increasing risk scores, while WAC-AS1, USP30-AS1, LINC01138, and SPRY4-AS1 were gradually reduced (Figure 1D). This suggests that the 7 immune-related lncRNA signature was related to SKCM risk.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Identification of the 7 immune-related lncRNA signature in patients with melanoma. (A) Combined with survival time and survival status in the TCGA-SKCM data, 23 low-risk and high-risk immune-related lncRNAs were screened at P<0.001. High-risk and low-risk immune-related lncRNAs are shown through forest plots. (B,C,D) Multivariate risk analysis of 23 risk-immune lncRNAs constructed a risk prediction model containing 7 immune-related lncRNAs. (B) Distribution of risk scores for patients in the TCGA-SKCM. (C) Distribution of OS in patients in the TCGA-SKCM. (D) Heat maps of the 7 immune-related lncRNAs expression in the high-risk and low-risk populations. The columns represent the corresponding patients and the rows represent the corresponding genes. lncRNA, long-chain non-coding RNA; TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas; SKCM, skin cutaneous melanoma.

Prediction of patient risk by the 7 immune-related lncRNA signature

The survival curve analysis of the 7 immune-related lncRNAs showed that the survival time of patients was significantly shorter in the ZNF667-AS1, AC008060.3, and AC018553.1 high expression group than in the low expression group (Figure 2A,B,C). Conversely, the survival time of patients in the WAC-AS1, USP30-AS1, LINC01138, and SPRY4-AS1 high expression group was extended (Figure 2D,E,F,G). Subsequently, we compared the sensitivity and specificity of the 7 immune-related lncRNA signature and the individual lncRNAs. In the ROC curve, the order of the areas under the ROC curve (AUC) of the lncRNAs and their combined signature was as follows: Risk Score (AUC =0.737), AC018553.1 (AUC =0.642), AC008060.3 (AUC =0.639), ZNF667-AS1 (AUC =0.597), WAC-AS1 (AUC =0.431), LINC01138 (AUC =0.425), SPRY4-AS1 (AUC =0.425), and USP30-AS1 (AUC =0.328) (Figure 2H). This data suggested that the 7 immune-related lncRNA signature could predict patient risk with more specificity and sensitivity than single immune-related risk lncRNAs.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Prediction of patient risk by the 7 immune-related lncRNA signature. (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H) Survival curve analysis of the 7 immune-related lncRNAs in TCGA-SKCM tumors. (A) ZNF667-AS1, (B) AC018553.1, (C) AC008060.3, (D) USP30-AS1, (E) SPRY4-AS1, (F) WAC-AS1, (G) LINC01138, (H) ROC curves and areas under the curve of the 7 immune-related lncRNAs and their combined signature models in TCGA-SKCM tumors. TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas; SKCM, skin cutaneous melanoma; lncRNA, long-chain non-coding RNA.

Evaluation of the immune-related lncRNA signature risk scores

The age, gender, staging, T, M, N, and immune-related lncRNA signature risk scores of patients in the TCGA-SKCM dataset were analyzed by univariate risk analysis. The forest plot of the univariate risk analysis showed that the risk score of the immune-related lncRNA signature was significant, as was age, stage, T, and N (Figure 3A). Multivariate risk analysis was used to analyze the age, gender, staging, T, M, N, and immune-related lncRNA signature risk scores of patients in the TCGA-SKCM dataset. The results showed that only T, N, and immune-related lncRNA signature risk scores were significant (Figure 3B). To assess the sensitivity and specificity of the 7 immune-related lncRNA signature risk scores, tumor stage, T, N, and M clinical parameters in the survival of melanoma patients, ROC analysis was performed which showed that the AUCs were 0.749, 0.675, 0.703, 0.510, and 0.688, respectively (Figure 3C). This indicated that the 7 immune-related lncRNA signature risk scores have higher sensitivity and specificity than the tumor stage, T, N, and M clinical parameters. Seven immune-related lncRNA signature risk scores divided TCGA-SKCM tumor patients into high-risk and low-risk groups. Survival analysis showed that OS was significantly shorter in the high-risk group than in the low-risk group (Figure 3D).

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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Evaluation of immune-related lncRNA signature risk scores. (A) Patient age, gender, stage, T, M, N, and immune-related lncRNA signature risk scores in the TCGA were analyzed by univariate risk analysis in the SKCM dataset. (B) Patient age, gender, stage, T, M, N, and immune-related lncRNA signature risk scores were analyzed by multivariate risk analysis in the TCGA-SKCM dataset. (C) ROC analysis of 7 immune-related lncRNA signature risk scores, tumor stage, and TNM in TCGA-SKCM tumors. (D) Survival analysis was performed between the low-risk (blue line) and high-risk (red line) groups of TCGA-SKCM patients. P=4.985e-14 value (Calculate method: Mantel-Cox Test).

Low and high-risk groups displayed different immune statuses

All 7 lncRNAs in the signature were immune-related, so we investigated the immune status differences between the high and low-risk groups through PCA. The whole gene expression profiles and immune lncRNAs showed that there was no significant difference in the direction of distribution between the high and low-risk groups (Figure 4A,B). A total of 331 immune-related genes were used to divide SKCM into 2 sections better than the whole gene expression profiles and immune lncRNAs, indicating that the 331 immune-related genes were involved in the risk of SKCM to varying degrees between the 2 groups (Figure 4C). The 7 immune-related lncRNA signature almost completely separated the low-risk and high-risk patients with SKCM (Figure 4D), suggesting that the immune status with a certain lncRNA signature indicates immune status in SKCM. Then, we identified the relationship between the 7 immune-related lncRNA signature risk score and immune score in the SKCM microenvironment, which were significantly reversely correlated (r=−0.5904) (Figure 4E). The tumor microenvironment immune score was decreased in the high-risk group compared to the low-risk group (Figure 4F). The above results demonstrated that the 7 immune-related lncRNA signature risk score could reflect the immune microenvironment in SKCM.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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The low-risk and high-risk groups showed different immune statuses. (A) Principal component analysis was performed between the high-risk and low-risk populations based on the entire gene expression profiles. (B) Principal component analysis between the high-risk and low-risk populations based on the 331 immune-related lncRNAs. (C) Principal component analysis between the high-risk and low-risk populations based on immune-related genes. (D) Principal component analysis between the high-risk and low-risk groups based on the 7 immune-related lncRNA signature. (E) Spearman R correlation analysis was performed for risk score and immune score in the SKCM microenvironment. P<0.0001 (Calculate method: Spearman r). (F) TCGA-SKCM patients were classified into high-risk and low-risk groups based on the 7 immune-related lncRNA signature risk score, and the immune scores of the tumor microenvironment in the 2 groups were compared. P<0.0001 (Calculate method: Mann Whitney Test).

The enrichment of different immune-related key genes in low and high-risk groups

Functional annotation was further performed by GSEA, and the results displayed that different genes were enriched in immune system process and immune response pathways between the 2 groups (Figure 5A,B). GSEA indicated significant enrichment of immune phenotype in the low-risk group. There were 124 overlapping genes in immune system process and immune response pathways (Figure 5C). Co-expression network analysis was used to search the different key genes, and 17 genes were obtained, including CCL4, CCL5, CCL19, CCL25, CXCL12, CXCL13, CCR1, CCR2, CCR4, CCR5, CCR8, CCR9, CXCR4, C5AR1, CNR2, GPR183, and SIPR4 (Figure 5D,E). Subsequently, we analyzed the correlations between the risk score and the 17 key genes in 446 patients with primary and metastatic melanoma, and found that the 17 genes were significantly negatively correlated with the risk score (Figure 5F). The results demonstrated that the 7 immune-related lncRNA signature risk score could indicate the expression of immune-related genes in the SKCM microenvironment.

Figure 5.

Figure 5

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The enrichment of different immune-related key genes in the low and high-risk groups. (A,B) GSEA analyzed the enrichment of immune phenotype in immune system process (A) and immune response pathways (B) in the 2 groups. (C) A total of 124 overlapping genes in immune system process and immune response pathways were obtained. (D,E) Co-expression network analysis was performed to search for different key genes in the high-risk and low-risk groups. (F) Spearman R correlation analysis was performed for SKCM risk score and the 17 different key genes in 446 SKCM patients. GSEA, gene set enrichment analysis; SKCM, skin cutaneous melanoma.

Immune cell infiltration in the low and high-risk groups

In order to further analyze the immune components affected by the 7 immune-related lncRNA signature risk score, we measured the infiltration of 22 kinds of immune cells in the low and high-risk groups (Figure 6). Nine cell types, including T cells CD8, T cells CD4 memory activated, T cells gamma delta, T cells follicular helper (Tfh), NK cells resting, macrophages M0/M1/M2, and mast cells resting were significantly different in the low and high-risk groups. The numbers of macrophages M0/M2, NK cells resting, and mast cells resting were increased, while T cells CD8, T cells CD4 memory activated, T cells gamma delta, Tfh cells and macrophages M1 were decreased in the high-risk group. The results suggested that the 7 immune-related lncRNA signature risk score affected immune cell infiltration in the SKCM microenvironment.

Figure 6.

Figure 6

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Immune cell infiltration in the high- and low-risk groups. Violin plot shows the relationships between the 7 immune-related lncRNA signature risk scores and immune cell infiltration. Blue color represents the low-risk group while red color represents the high-risk group. (P value calculate method: Wilcox Test).

Discussion

The TCGA-SKCM dataset was collected to investigate the prognostic value of immune-related lncRNAs in SKCM patients. The 7 immune-related lncRNAs were identified in a risk prediction model to judge the prognosis of patients. Importantly, it was found that this risk prediction model can better reflect the patient’s immune status.

Among the 7 immune-related lncRNAs, ZNF667-AS1, AC008060.3, and AC018553.1 gradually raised with the increase in risk score, but only ZNF667-AS1 has been reported in related literature (29-32). ZNF667-AS1 inhibits cervical cancer proliferation, invasion and metastasis by counteracting miRNA-93-3p-dependent PEG3 down-regulation (31). ZNF667-AS1 also decreases the inflammatory response and promotes the recovery of spinal cord injury by inhibiting the JAK-STAT pathway (32). Aberrant methylation of ZNF667-AS1 and down-regulation promotes malignant progression of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (33). On the other hand, among the 7 immune-related lncRNAs, WAC-AS1, USP30-AS1, LINC01138, and SPRY4-AS1 were gradually down-regulated with the increase in risk scores, but only LINC01138 has been reported in related literature. LINC01138 drives malignant tumors by activating arginine methyltransferase 5 in hepatocellular carcinoma (34). LINC01138 promotes clear cell renal cell carcinoma cell growth by enhancing SREBP1-mediated lipid desaturation by interacting with PRMT5 (35). LINC01138 can also accelerate tumor growth and invasion by targeting miR-1273e in gastric cancer (36). These evidences suggest that ZNF667-AS1 and LINC01138 acts as an oncogene or tumor suppressor, but there is no report about their roles in the regulation of immune genes. We speculate that the 7 immune-related lncRNAs are directly or indirectly involved in the down- or up-regulation of tumor related immune genes. Their abnormal expressions affect the SKCM immune microenvironment and the patient risk scores.

Although the univariate risk analysis showed that these 7 immune-related lncRNAs could be used as low-risk or high-risk factors for SKCM, their AUCs were below 0.7, indicating that their sensitivity and specificity as risk factors alone were not high enough. When they were analyzed as a whole, the 7 immune-related lncRNA signature was found to be an independent risk factor. Its sensitivity and specificity even exceeded the clinical parameters of SKCM tumor staging, tumor size, and tumor lymph node infiltration. The 7 lncRNA signature was screened for its correlation with tumor immune genes and should reflect the immune microenvironment of tumors in SKCM patients. This view was validated with PCA and GSEA analysis.

How do immune-related lncRNAs affect SKCM’s immune microenvironment through core immune genes? We analyzed the 124 genes shared by the immune process and immune response dataset. PPI function analysis showed that 17 genes constituted a core network that affects the SKCM immune microenvironment. The 17 genes were mainly composed of 11 G protein coupled receptors (CCR1, CCR2, CCR4, CCR5, CCR8, CCR9, CXCR4, C5AR1, CNR2, GPR183, and SIPR4) and 6 corresponding ligands (CCL4, CCL5, CCL19, CCL25, CXCL12, and CXCL13).

CCR (CC chemokine receptor) 1 and its ligands, including RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), MPIF-1 (myeloid progenitor inhibitory factor 1), MIP-1 alpha (macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha) and MCP-3 (monocyte chemotactic protein 3), mediates signal transduction are essential for the recruitment of effector immune cells to the site of inflammation (37). CCR2, combination with CCL2, which expressed on monocytes and macrophages, mediates chemotaxis and migration inducted by activating the PI3K cascade, the small G protein Rac, and lamellipodia protrusions (38,39). CCR2 also acts as a receptor for β-defensins DEFB106A/DEFB106B, regulates the expression of T cell inflammatory cytokines and T cell differentiation, and promotes T cell differentiation into T helper 17 cells (Th17) during inflammation (40). CCR4 is the receptor of MIP-1, RANTES, thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), and MCP-1 (41), it can regulate the cell transportation of various types of white blood cells, and also plays a basic role in the development, homeostasis, and function of the immune system (42). CCR8 can help activate the correct positioning of T cells in antigenic attack sites and specific areas of lymphatic tissue (43). The specific ligand of CC chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9) is CCL25, which is a key regulator of thymocyte migration and maturation under normal and inflammatory conditions (44). CXC motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a CXC chemokine receptor specific for stromal cell-derived factor 1. It transduces signals by increasing intracellular calcium levels and enhancing MAPK1/MAPK3 activation, and regulates cell migration (45-47). Complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), a biochemical pathway involved in innate and adaptive immune responses, can lyse microorganisms, promote phagocytosis, and trigger inflammation and immune clearance (48). G protein-coupled receptor 183 (GPR183) acts as a chemotactic receptor for T cells, B cells, monocytes/macrophages, splenic dendritic cells, and astrocytes by binding to oxysterol 7-α,25-dihydroxycholesterol (7-α, 25-OHC) and other related oxysterol receptors, forming a chemotactic gradient of 7-α, 25-OHC ligands to mediate the cellular positioning and movement of many cells (49). GPR183 guides B cells to move along the boundary of the B cell area-T cell area, and then reach the intravesicular and extrafollicular area (50-52). The sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 4 (S1PR4) is a member of the endothelial cell differentiation receptor gene family (53). EDG receptors bind lysophospholipids or lysosphingolipids and participate in cell signal transduction of many different cell types, and may be involved in the process of cell migration specific to lymphocytes (54).

C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL) 4 is a mitogen-induced single factor produced by CD8 + T cells (55). CCL5 can act as a chemokine for blood monocytes, memory T helper cells, and eosinophils, and may activate several chemokine receptors, including CCR1, CCR3, CCR4, and CCR5 (56-59). CCL19 shows effective chemotactic activity on T cells and B cells, and may play a role in normal lymphocyte recirculation and homing, and T cells and B cells to secondary lymphoid organs in the migration (60,61). CCL25 binds to the chemokine receptor CCR9, shows chemotactic activity on dendritic cells, thymocytes, and activated macrophages, and potentially participates in the development of T cells (62,63). CXCL12 is a ligand for CXCR4 and plays a role in many different cellular functions, including embryogenesis, immune surveillance, inflammation, tissue stability, tumor growth, and metastasis (64,65). CXCL13 is a B lymphocyte chemokine that stimulates calcium influx and expresses Burkitt’s lymphoma receptor 1 (BLR-1) cell chemotaxis, thereby preferentially promoting B migration of lymphocytes and may play a role in homing B lymphocytes into follicles (66,67).

In order to verify how immune genes affect the infiltration of immune cells in SKCM, the CIBERSORT algorithm was used to calculate the immune cell subtypes in the tumor microenvironment (68). T cells CD8, T cells CD4 memory activated, Tfh cells, T cells gamma delta, and macrophages M1 had lower levels in the high-risk group, while NK cells resting, macrophages M0/M2, and mast cells remained at a higher level. We speculated that the 7 immune-related lncRNAs affect the tumor infiltration of those immune cells through changing the expression and secretion of the 17 core genes. Of course, the roles of these 7 immune-related lncRNAs and their related tumor immune genes in the regulation of the SKCM immune microenvironment needs to be supported by experimental evidence, which is worthy of further investigation.

Based on these efforts, we constructed a 7 immune-related lncRNA signature to identify not only SKCM patients at low risk or high risk, but also to differentiate patients’ tumor immune microenvironment. Specifically, the tumor immune microenvironment is in a state of inhibition in high-risk patients, while for low-risk patients, it is in a state of activation. In conclusion, we identified 7 immune-related lncRNAs from the TCGA-SKCM as a risk prediction model to judge the prognosis of patients. More importantly, it was found that this risk prediction model could better reflect the tumor microenvironment immune status of patients and predict the efficacy of immunotherapy for patients.

Supplementary

The article’s supplementary files as

atm-09-10-857-rc.pdf (115.4KB, pdf)
DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-1794
atm-09-10-857-coif.pdf (473.7KB, pdf)
DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-1794

Acknowledgments

Thank you to The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Program for providing the data required for this study.

Funding: This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81172322, 81302006 and 81572796), Science and Technology Committee of Shanghai (14401901500).

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013).

Reporting Checklist: The authors have completed the MDAR reporting checklist. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-21-1794

Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-21-1794). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

(English Language Editor: C. Betlazar-Maseh)

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atm-09-10-857-rc.pdf (115.4KB, pdf)
DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-1794
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