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Industrial Psychiatry Journal logoLink to Industrial Psychiatry Journal
. 2021 Mar 15;29(2):185–190. doi: 10.4103/ipj.ipj_126_20

Role of various lifestyle and behavioral strategies in positive mental health across a preventive to therapeutic continuum

Jyoti Prakash 1,, K Chatterjee 1, K Srivastava 1, V S Chauhan 1, A Chail 1
PMCID: PMC8188916  PMID: 34158700

Abstract

There is growing interest in lifestyle and behavioral strategies not only in prevention but also in the management of psychiatric morbidity. Available literature in this direction was accessed, and the role of various lifestyle and behavioral factors was explored. There is strong evidence of the role of good sleep, nutritious diet, exercise, social connectedness, enhanced self-esteem, sense of purpose in life, resilience, mindfulness, and environmental mastery in the promotion of mental well-being and prevention and management of psychiatric disorders. There is a significant scope of lifestyle and behavioral intervention in ensuring positive mental health spanning from preventive to therapeutic dimension.

Keywords: Diet, exercise, mental health, mindfulness, resilience, sleep, social connectedness


Growing body of research suggests that there are various lifestyle and behavioral strategies, which not only improve mental well-being but also reduce the probability of mental illness or distress thereof. These revelations may bring out a paradigm shift in the practice of psychiatry where preventive practices may be equally effective in therapeutic paradigm too. A reorientation of focus from an illness-oriented intervention to wellness-oriented intervention in psychiatry may not only change our approach toward evaluation and management of mental morbidity but also lead to significant reduction of stigma toward mental health, greater emphasis on positive lifestyle strategies, reduced requirement of medication, decreased mental morbidity, and a holistic approach toward management.[1]

As per the WHO, a positive mental health implies an individual having a good realization of his/her abilities, coping up well with stressors of life, being productive, and contributing adequately to the community, whereas the management of mental illness primarily hinges on the remediation of disability, impairment, and the handicap.[2] The latter approach addresses mental illness more than wellness. In this article, we would go through various such lifestyle and behavioral strategies, for which the available literature shows fair evidence of preventive, promotive, protective, and curative effects on mental health and its morbidity. All relevant literature published in this direction in the last one decade were reviewed on a web-based platform, and evidences relevant to the theme is as deliberated upon in the succeeding paragraphs.

SLEEP

While sleep may be considered a reversible state of unresponsive, where it shuts oneself from the external world, a lot is going around internally in the body which has a restorative and long-lasting impact. A good night sleep improves learning and memory, inadvertently approving the metaphor “sleep on it.” Scholars and artists have found sleep to be improving their creativity and innovativeness. Available evidence suggest sleep to be a good regulator of mood, appetite, and weight control.[3] The relation of sleep with mental health has been found to be of bidirectional nature, where sleep disturbance affected mental health adversely and mental illness impaired sleep functions.[4,5] Becker et al. found insomnia during adolescence to be a significant predictor of adulthood depression. Sleep deprivation and restriction impairs one's ability to regulate negative emotions and also reduces positive emotions.[6] Poor sleep has been found to be related to completed or attempted suicide.[7] Impairment of sleep predicts the development of generalized anxiety disorders in future and also predisposes to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in individuals exposed to trauma.[4]

There is evidence to support that improvement of sleep has positive impact on treatment outcome, independent of benefits incurred with standard treatment of a psychiatric disorder. Treating insomnia along with antidepressant therapy has been found to not only improve sleep but also accelerate improvement in depression. Addition of an hypnotic agent has shown better remission of depression in depressed patients, compared to therapy with antidepressants alone.[8] Improving sleep pattern in patients with PTSDs has been found to reduce daytime PTSD symptoms.[9,10,11,12,13]

DIET

Evidence suggests that dietary pattern of an individual, type of food, and nutrients taken influence the onset, severity, and duration of psychiatric illness. Western dietary pattern has been found to be associated with depression and anxiety, whereas the Mediterranean diet has been found to be protective for mental health.[14,15,16,17] Increased intake of vegetables, fruits, chicken products, fish, processed meat, milk products, and whole grain has proven to reduce the risk of depression.[15,18,19] Nutrients, minerals (calcium, magnesium, zinc, folic acid, etc.), vitamins (D, B12, etc.), and polyunsaturated fatty acids have been found to exert a therapeutic effect on depression.[15,20]

It has been found that diets of many psychiatric patients lack in many nutrients, and supplementations of these nutrients with food lead to symptomatic improvement in these patients. Emerging evidence favors the role of nutrition therapy in preventing and controlling depression, bipolar affective disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, hyperkinetic disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and substance use disorder. A comprehensive understanding of diet and judicious use of the same may improve well-being, prevent illness, and reduce the medication need and associated side effects and nonadherence.[21,22]

CAFFEINE USE

Commonly used as coffee and energy drinks, caffeine is widely prevalent among adolescents and young adults. It is taken to increase sociability, confidence, and performance and to tackle academic stress. While short-term use of caffeine is associated with better mood, alertness, and performance, the harm far outweighs the benefits.[23,24] High intake of caffeine has been found to be associated with anxiety, elation, panic, irritability, restlessness, psychomotor agitation, dysphoria, mixed mood state, etc., An increased prevalence of major depressive disorders has been found in high caffeine users, and there are case reports of mania as well. Caffeine has also been found to impede recovery in patients of bipolar affective disorder and mania.[25]

EXERCISE

Exercise has been found to be associated with reduction of all-cause mortality risk including mental health. People who exercise have fewer days of mental ill health. Although all kinds of exercise were found to lower mental health burden, greater association has been observed with team sports, followed by cycling, aerobics, and gym exercises. Evidence suggests an exercise duration of 45 min 3–5 days a week to be optimal for good mental health.[26]

Iglesias Gallego et al. in their study found that a good physical activity index was related to better state of mental health and people who performed physical activity had higher prosocial behavior.[27] Studies have found sports and exercise to have antidepressant function, that is, reducing the severity of depression as well as preventing its occurrence. The exercise displayed an inverted “U” relation with mental illness, where excess of exercise was associated with exercise addiction and mental health problems.[28] Evidence suggests physical activity to be a healthy tool for the prevention and treatment of depression and anxiety disorder. Both aerobic and anaerobic exercises (body building and flexibility training) have been shown to reduce depressive and anxiety symptoms. Overtraining syndrome and excessive exercise, however, were associated with mental health impairment.[29] A recent meta-analysis studied the efficacy of exercise in depression independently and as an adjunct with antidepressant medication. The results revealed that physical exercise by itself exerted moderate-to-large effect size in comparison to the control. Exercise compared to no intervention yielded a large and significant effect size and had moderate and significant effect compared to usual care. The effects of exercise when compared to psychological treatments or antidepressant medication were small and not significant. Exercise as an adjunct to antidepressant medication yielded a moderate effect that trended toward significance. Physical exercise was thus concluded to be an effective intervention for depression and could also be a viable adjunct treatment in combination with antidepressants.[30]

SOCIAL CONNECTEDNESS AND SUPPORT

Social connectedness may be defined as a subjective psychological bond an individual feels in relation to individuals or a group of individuals. The connectedness dimension spans across identity and common bond, closeness, involvement, cared for/accepted, and valued relationship.[31] Studies have found social connectedness to provide psychological resources for social cure of mental ill health. It protects and promotes mental health causally. Saeri et al. found a significant bidirectional relationship between social connectedness and mental health. In their study, it was found that connectedness helped provide social ties, discouraged maladaptive coping, encouraged positive coping, reduced stigma, and helped intervene early by better access to formal help.[32] Social support has been found to protect mental health directly by the benefits of healthy social milieu and indirectly by being a buffer against stressful situations.[33] The effect pervades prior to, at the outset of illness, and during the subsequent course of mental illness, thus reducing the risk of onset as well as that of relapse.[34] Perceived good social support has been found to have a positive role in the outcomes of schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder, and anxiety disorder, whereas loneliness has been found to be associated with poor outcome in those.[35] Decreased social support has been found to both antecedent or consequent to illness, in schizophrenia.[33]

SELF-ESTEEM

Self-esteem stands for how much value a person places on him/herself. It favors a positive attitude about oneself and gives ability to hold such belief in challenging situations including those while under evaluation by others. High self-esteem has been related with greater well-being, positive social relation, and better job satisfaction. A prospective study showed that high self-esteem at baseline predicted lesser symptoms of anxiety, depression, or attention deficit later. This protective role was thought to be mediated through increased self-efficacy and healthy coping. Self-esteem has been found to correlate negatively with anxiety, depression, and inattention in clinical samples. On the other hand, low self-esteem has been found associated with emotional disturbances, addiction, eating disorder, anxiety, and depression.[36,37] Some studies have suggested that low self-esteem prospectively predicted depression while controlling for previous levels of depression, both short or long term and across the gender.[38]

PURPOSE IN LIFE

Purpose in life stands for meaning and direction in life. It predicts both health and longevities. It finds challenging situations to be less threatening and helps reframe stressful situations to handle those effectively. Greater purpose in life offers protection from negative events in life. It has been found that people reporting greater purpose in life displayed better cognition and had reduced risk of cognitive derangement and slower cognitive decline rate. Studies show that people with high purpose in life have 2.4 times lesser likelihood of Alzheimer's disease. Purpose in life has also been found protective against depression and anxiety, which have been opined to be mediated through buffering of negative events, positive reappraisal of situation, motivated coping, and reduced ruminative pattern of thinking style.[39]

RESILIENCE

Resilience stems from the Latin word Resilire (to leap back). Resilience is an ability to withstand stressors in life healthily and to positively adapt in the wake of adversity. Resilience has been viewed both as a personality trait (trait resilience) and as a dynamic process.[40] Trait resilience protects people from negative aspects of adverse or traumatic events, while dynamic process takes into consideration how people adapt actively and recover rapidly from stressful events. Researchers have found “personal competence” and “acceptance of self and life” to be the underlying attributing factors. “Personal competence” would include self-reliance, independence, mastery, resourcefulness, and perseverance, whereas “acceptance of self and life” takes adaptability, balance, flexibility, and balanced perspective of life into account. A meta-analysis of studies on resilience have found a significant positive association between resilience and mental health; conversely, reduced resilience suggested vulnerability to mental health impairment during adverse situations.[40,41] Ying et al. in their studies on earthquake victims found resilience to have a protective effect on PTSD and depressive symptoms and buffered the effect of subjective distress.[42] Another study found life satisfaction to be positively associated with resilience, whereas high anxiety was accompanied by reduced resilience and self-esteem in the patients.[43]

MINDFULNESS

Mindfulness refers to purposely focusing one's attention to the present moment and accepting it without any judgment. Mindfulness meditation is a practice of cultivating mindfulness. Awareness, nonjudgmental acceptance, and moment-to-moment experience that defines mindfulness, have been considered a potent antidote against rumination, anger, fear, anxiety, etc., Mindfulness-based stress reduction and psychotherapies have established their efficacy in the management and prevention of psychiatric disorders. Researchers have found a positive association of mindfulness with increased level of life satisfaction, agreeableness, conscientiousness, vitality, high self-esteem, empathy, optimism, competence, sense of autonomy, and pleasant affect. Mindfulness has also been found to increase task performance and persistence. Negative correlation, however, has been associated with depression, rumination, dissociation, absentmindedness, social anxiety, difficulty in emotional regulation, intensity of delusion, and psychological symptoms in general.[44,45]

ENVIRONMENTAL MASTERY

Environmental mastery is defined as the ability of an individual to choose and create an environment that meets his/her specific needs and favor his/her positive growth, emotionally as well as cognitively.[46] The definition utilizes eudemonic perspective, that is, living in the environment, in a way, that enhances the expression of one's full potential/nature. Environmental mastery has been identified as important for self-efficacy, sense of control, achievement, optimism, motivation, personal adjustment, and better mental health. It has been found to be protective in depression and other mental illnesses.[47,48]

DISCUSSION

The literature review brings out a significant number of lifestyle and behavioral strategies which have considerable impact on positive mental health ranging anywhere from fostering positive health to reducing the incidence of mental illness to reducing distress/morbidity during the illness. Sleep has a bi-directional relation with mental health and a good sleep by itself has therapeutic effect on mental illness. The role of good sleep hygiene thus cannot be ignored. Research evidence suggests an significant role of diet in mental health. A balanced and Mediterranean diet appears to have a psycho-protective effect. Growing evidence of altered gut microbiota and gut neural axis cautions about many undiscovered aspects of dietary pattern in the causation of mental illness.[49] Avoidance of caffeine, a psychostimulant, responsible for many psychiatric symptoms including sleep disturbance, is likely to improve the recovery of affective disorders. Good physical activity and optimal level of exercise lead to better mental health and augment the effect of antidepressants in therapy. Social connectedness emphasizes the role of psychosocial milieu in mental well-being, thus reinforcing the biopsychosocial construct of mental illness and its cure. Better number and quality of social ties has been found to reduce poor coping behaviors while enhancing positive coping such as professional help-seeking. It has been found that connectedness to community facilitates healthy help seeking and timely intervention.[32] High self-esteem places a person up in the hierarchy of Maslow's need, characterized by prestige and feeling of accomplishment. It suggests the completion of deficiency needs and paves the way for internal growth needs. High self-esteem helps us identify and challenge negative beliefs, identify positive things about oneself, and build positive relationships while avoiding negative ones and in being assertive.[50] While purpose in life makes the challenges less threatening, resilience gives one the ability to tackle the adversities healthily. Purpose in life gives meaning to one's existence and helps connect purposefully with the rest of the world. Resilience helps us undertake novel and mildly challenging tasks and set achievable goals, while being determined, yet flexible. Both purpose in life and resilience reduce the impact of stress or perception thereof on mental health.[39,40,41] Mindfulness, conscious nonjudgmental awareness of self, improves task performance and positive emotional regulation. It is effective in reducing stress, thus preventing/reducing its adverse effect on mental health.[44,45] Environmental mastery gives an individual the ability to choose or modify his/her environment, affecting his/her mental well-being favorably. These factors have shown established efficacy and promising role in mental health. Inclusion of these strategies in our nonpharmacological therapies may have far-reaching positive impact. Furthermore, dieticians, exercise trainers, and mindfulness trainers may be included in the multidimensional intervention team for holistic approach.

CONCLUSION

Available evidence suggests that good sleep, nutritious diet, exercise, social connectedness, enhanced self-esteem, sense of purpose in life, resilience, mindfulness, and environmental mastery have significant psycho-protective function. They not only ensure positive mental health but also reduce the probability of future occurrence of psychiatric disorders and reduce subjective experience of mental illness and may have therapeutic effect independently or as an adjunct. Incorporation of these lifestyle and behavioral practices in our interventional strategies is likely to have far-reaching implications on the incidence, course, and outcome of psychiatric illness. Mental health specialists may consider these strategies as part of their interventions to reduce the pharmacological burden and have better acceptability and lesser stigma.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

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