Abstract
In the situation of high maternal morbidity and mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa, less than 80% of pregnant women receive antenatal care services. To date, the overall effect of antenatal care (ANC) follow up on essential newborn practice have not been estimated in East Africa. Therefore, this study aims to identify the effect of ANC follow up on essential newborn care practice in East Africa. We reported this review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). We searched articles using PubMed, Cochrane library, African journal online (AJOL), and HINARI electronic databases as well as Google/Google scholar search engines. Heterogeneity and publication bias between studies were assessed using I2 test statistics and Egger’s significance test. Forest plots were used to present the findings. In this review, 27 studies containing 34,440 study participants were included. The pooled estimate of essential newborn care practice was 38% (95% CI 30.10–45.89) in the study area. Women who had one or more antenatal care follow up were about 3.71 times more likely practiced essential newborn care compared to women who had no ANC follow up [OR 3.71, 95% CI 2.35, 5.88]. Similarly, women who had four or more ANC follow up were 2.11 times more likely practiced essential newborn care compared to women who had less than four ANC follow up (OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.33, 3.35). Our study showed that the practice of ENBC was low in East Africa. Accordingly, those women who had more antenatal follow up were more likely practiced Essential newborn care. Thus, to improve the practice of essential newborn care more emphasis should be given on increasing antenatal care follow up of pregnant women in East Africa.
Subject terms: Epidemiology, Health care, Medical research
Introduction
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) essential newborn care utilization is a strategic approach to improve the health of newborns through interventions rendered prior to conception, during pregnancy, during delivery and soon after birth and during the postnatal period1.
Globally, neonatal death accounts for about 44% of under-five mortality and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has the highest rates of neonatal mortality accounting 38% of all neonatal deaths2.
In developing countries, neonatal mortality has remained resistant to change3,4. About three-fourths of deaths among new-born occur in the first week of life, and 25–40% occurs in the first 24 h5,6.
Most causes of neonatal death are preventable and related to cord care to decrease sepsis, temperature control by delaying first bath and initiation of early breastfeeding which has the additional benefit of controlling hypothermia7–10.
Essential Newborn Care (ENBC) utilization is one of the recommended strategies by World Health Organization (WHO) to reduce neonatal mortality and morbidity in both community and facility delivery11. ENBC practices include clean cord care, thermal care and initiating breast feeding immediately or within the first hour after birth3,6,12,13.
The Ethiopian government has paid special attention to the expansion of quality high impact neonatal interventions by establishing basic newborn care units in health centers and in hospital’s neonatal intensive care units14,15.
Most newborn deaths occur at home in low- income countries including east African regions due to a lack of access to health care, a limited number of trained health care personnel, and an overall weak health system in the regions16.
Hence for safe home based deliveries new strategies should be developed. Thus, essential newborn care practice should be designed for neonates who cannot be managed at home in ensuring proper referral. Further, in domestic settings it would help as an appropriate means of the newborns care17.
In developing countries there is low level of adherence to essential new-born care practice despite this recommendation. Accordingly, reports from east African countries demonstrated the low level of essential new-born care practice16,18–21. For example in Uganda early bathing and spread over materials on cord stump is a custom21–23. Similarly, studies done in different parts of Ethiopia also demonstrated the low level of utilization of essential new-born care6,24–28.
In east Africa region the period after delivery is frequently noticeable by traditional practices. Bathing the baby immediately following delivery, applying diverse matters on the umbilical cord and giving various pre-lacteal feeds for the neonates were most important cultural performs hamper the health and survival of the newborn. Even if understanding these cultural practices is an essential part of confirming effective and timely newborn care; there is inadequate documented evidence in east Africa where sub-optimal newborn care practices has been widely described 3,29,30.
Antenatal period (ANC) is one of the instruments to obtain reduction in neonatal mortality by counseling pregnant women to have access for essential newborn care practices preparing them to care for their newborn when they visit health facilities and during home visits made by community health workers3,31.
Various studies have assessed factors affecting essential newborn care utilization in East Africa6,24–28. But none of them identified the pooled effect of ANC on essential new born care use in East Africa. Therefore, this meta-analysis summarizes the effect of ANC on essential newborn care practice among women in East Africa systematically and quantitatively. Thus, the findings will help to determine how much of an impact have antenatal care follow up on essential newborn care practice in East Africa. In addition, this study provides comprehensive information for policy makers and program managers to design strategies that increase the utilization of essential newborn care.
Methods
Searching strategies
This systematic review has been prepared according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guideline32. The systematic review was registered on the PROSPERO prospective register of systematic reviews (registration number: CRD42020207894).
We searched articles using PubMed, Cochrane library, African journal online (AJOL), and HINARI electronic databases as well as Google/Google scholar search engines.
A medical subject head (MeSH) and keyword items was used in separate and combination using Boolean operator: “OR”, “AND” or “NOT” in order to identify relevant articles. Thus, searches was conducted using Keywords/search terms like “Prevalence”, “proportion”, “magnitude”, “essential”, “essential newborn care” “newborn”, “neonatal care”, “newborn care”, “utilization”, “services”, “practices”, “Antenatal care”, “prenatal care”, “maternal health care”, “delivery care”, “East Africa”.
Inclusion criteria’s
Study design and period: all observational studies conducted in East Africa published until September, 2020 were included in this review and meta- analysis.
Participants: women who delivered either in the health facility or at the home.
Setting: All community-based and facility-based studies reported ENBC utilization and ANC follow up.
Language: Articles published in English language.
Exposure: ANC follow up.
Outcome: Essential newborn care (ENBC) utilization/practice.
We excluded Primary studies inaccessible for full-text article after 2 times author request. In addition, those articles published in non-English languages were also excluded from this review and meta-analysis.
Data extraction and synthesis
A standardized data extraction format was prepared in the form of Microsoft Excel.
The data extraction format includes author, year of publication, study country, year of publication, study period, study setting, study design, sample size, number of subjects with outcome, ANC follow up, and essential newborn care practice.
Three reviewers (ETA, MY, BK) independently extracted the data and any disagreements between the reviewers were solved through consensus. For incomplete data, we excluded the study after attempts to contact the corresponding author through email.
The quality of the studies was assessed using Joana Briggs Institute (JBI) adapted for observational studies by 2 Authors (MA, WM) before analysis and any discrepancy was resolved by discussion and consensus33,34.
Heterogeneity and publication bias
We identified the heterogeneity between the studies using I2 statistics and P values35. A forest plot was used to detect the presence of heterogeneity. Furthermore, subgroup analysis and meta-regression was used to identify the possible source of heterogeneity.
To check publication bias, both objective and subjective (funnel plot) methods were used. The presence of publication bias was checked using subjective method (funnel plot) symmetry. In addition, the statistical significance of publication bias was assessed using objective method s Egger’s and Beggar’s test (P < 0.05)36,37.
Statistical analysis
After extracting the data, we imported into STATA Version 14.0 statistical software for further analysis. The analysis to identify the effect of ANC follow up on essential newborn care service use was categorized into two parts. The first analysis was to identify the effect of one or more ANC visits on essential newborn care service use and the second was an analysis of the effect of four or more ANC visits on essential newborn care service use. A random effects meta-analysis model was employed to estimate the DerSimonian and Laird’s pooled effect because of high levels of heterogeneity38. The results were presented in tables and forest plot.
Results
Study selection and screening
As described in Fig. 1 a total of 741 records were retrieved through database searching. Of this 20 articles were removed due to duplication and about 681 articles were removed after reviewing their title and abstracts. About 40 articles were selected for full text review. From these, 5 studies were excluded for not reporting the outcome variable, 5 studies by the study design, and 3 studies by quality of the study. Finally, 27 articles met the eligibility criteria included in the final Meta-analysis (Fig. 1, Table 1).
Figure 1.
PRISMA flow diagram of studies included to estimate the effect of ANC follow up on ENBC practice in East Africa in the systematic review and meta-analysis.
Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies to explore the effect of ANC follow up on Essential newborn care practice in East Africa.
| Author (year) | Study area | Sample size | Study design | Study period | JBI score (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chichiabellu et al. (2018) | Ethiopia | 450 | CB cross-sectional | 2016 | 80 |
| Gebrehiwot et al. (2020) | Ethiopia | 634 | CB cross-sectional | 2018 | 80 |
| Mersha et al. (2018) | Ethiopia | 630 | CB cross-sectional | 2017 | 70 |
| Etafa et al. (2020) | Ethiopia | 417 | FB cross-sectional | 2017 | 80 |
| Komakech et al. (2020) | Uganda | 561 | CB cross-sectional | 2016 | 60 |
| Mamush et al. (2020) | Ethiopia | 495 | CB cross-sectional | 2019 | 70 |
| Tafere et al. (2018) | Ethiopia | 970 | FB follow up | 2016 | 80 |
| Amsalu et al. (2019) | Somalia | 332 | FB cross-sectional | 2016 | 70 |
| Workinesh et al. (2019) | Ethiopia | 576 | FB cross-sectional | 2018 | 60 |
| Berhea et al. (2018) | Ethiopia | 456 | CB cross-sectional | 2016 | 80 |
| Yimam et al. (2015) | Ethiopia | 539 | CB cross-sectional | 2013 | 60 |
| Kasaye et al. (2020) | Ethiopia | 390 | FB cross-sectional | 2017 | 70 |
| Semanew et al. (2019) | Ethiopia | 418 | FB cross-sectional | 2018 | 80 |
| Waiswa et al. (2010) | Uganda | 414 | CB cross-sectional | 2007 | 70 |
| Miriam et al. (2020) | Rwanda | 192 | CB cross-sectional | 2019 | 80 |
| Teshome et al. (2015) | Ethiopia | 570 | CB cross-sectional | 2013 | 80 |
| Misgna et al. (2016) | Ethiopia | 296 | CB cross-sectional | 2014 | 80 |
| Kebede (2019) | Ethiopia | 414 | FB cross-sectional | 2016 | 80 |
| Rosales et al. (2014) | South Sudan | 511 | CB cross-sectional | 2013 | 70 |
| Alemu (2020) | Ethiopia | 834 | CB cross-sectional | 2018 | 60 |
| Penfold et al. (2010) | Tanzania | 22,243 | CB Retrospective cross-sectional | 2007 | 60 |
| Kayom et al. (2015) | Uganda | 338 | CB cross-sectional | 2012 | 70 |
| Berha et al. (2017) | Ethiopia | 215 | FB cross-sectional | 2016 | 70 |
| Gebremedhin et al. (2020) | Ethiopia | 371 | CB cross-sectional | 2017 | 60 |
| Lucia et al. (2017) | Kenya | 380 | FB cross-sectional | 2013 | 60 |
| Meseka et al. (2017) | South Sudan | 384 | FB cross-sectional | 2015 | 60 |
| Kabwijamu et al. (2016) | Uganda | 410 | CB cross-sectional | 2014 | 80 |
Description of studies
In this review, a total of 34,440 study participants from 27 studies were included. The studies were conducted from 2007 to 2019 and published from 2010 to 2020. Regarding study country, most of the studies (17) were conducted in Ethiopia. The sample size of the included studies ranged from 192 to 22,243. In terms of study design, majority of the studies (26) were cross-sectional. From a total of 27 articles included in this review, about 17 of them were community-based and the remaining 10 were institutional-based studies (Table 1).
The quality of the studies was assessed using Joana Briggs Institute (JBI) adapted for observational studies by independent evaluators before analysis. We included those studies that fitted to 50% and above the quality assessment checklist. Hence, the results of quality assessment ranged from 60 to 80% and all studies were fit for analysis (Table 1).
Meta-analysis
In this review and meta-analysis about 27 studies were included to estimate the pooled estimate of essential newborn care practice among women in East Africa. The level of essential newborn care practice was ranged 1.17–92.91% from the included studies (Fig. 2). As illustrated in Fig. 2, the overall pooled estimate of essential newborn care practice was 38% (95% CI 30.10–45.89). In this study, I2 statistic was detected considerable and significant heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 99.7, P value < 0.0001). Therefore, a random effect model was used to estimate the overall pooled prevalence of essential newborn care practice in East Africa.
Figure 2.
Forest plot of the pooled estimate of essential newborn care practice in east Africa.
We conducted meta-regression using different factors to identify the possible source of heterogeneity between studies. But, there was no statistical significance variation from the meta-regression result. In addition, subgroup analysis was conducted to explore the source of heterogeneity in Essential newborn care practice using different factors included in the study. But, no significant change was seen as compared with the main meta-analysis. Hence, the heterogeneity might be explained by other covariates which are not included in this study.
Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was done to identify influential studies. According to the analysis, all of the studies were included in the final analysis since no influential studies were detected.
Publication bias
We have checked publication bias of the included studies using Funnel plot and egger tests. Accordingly, Egger’s test showed no statistically significant publication bias (P = 0.64). As depicted in Fig. 3 the funnel plot has also indicated the absence of publication bias since studies represented by dots were asymmetrical (Fig. 3).
Figure 3.
Funnel plot of the meta-analysis containing 27 studies.
Effect of antenatal care follow up on essential newborn care practice
We included a total of 6 cross- sectional studies to estimate the effect of ANC follow up on essential newborn care practice in east Africa. The participants of the studies ranged from 417 to 834 (Table 2). The included studies showed significant heterogeneity and detected using I2 statistic (I2 = 74.0%, P value = 0.002) (Fig. 4). Therefore, a random effect model was used to estimate the overall pooled effect of ANC follow up on essential newborn care in the study area.
Table 2.
Characteristics of studies included to study the effect of ANC visit on essential newborn care practice in East Africa.
| Author (year) | Study area | Study design | Sample size | Study period | ANC visit | ENBCP | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | ||||||
| Chichiabellu et al. (2018) | Ethiopia | CB cross-sectional | 450 | 2016 | Yes | 18 | 14 |
| No | 90 | 328 | |||||
| Semanew et al. (2019) | Ethiopia | FB cross-sectional | 418 | 2018 | Yes | 238 | 321 |
| No | 22 | 55 | |||||
| Mersha et al. (2018) | Ethiopia | CB cross-sectional | 630 | 2017 | Yes | 230 | 303 |
| No | 12 | 85 | |||||
| Etafa et al. (2020) | Ethiopia | FB cross-sectional | 417 | 2017 | Yes | 180 | 208 |
| No | 4 | 25 | |||||
| Berhea et al. (2018) | Ethiopia | CB cross-sectional | 456 | 2016 | Yes | 262 | 45 |
| No | 108 | 41 | |||||
| Alemu (2020) | Ethiopia | CB cross-sectional | 834 | 2018 | Yes | 543 | 103 |
| No | 90 | 98 | |||||
Figure 4.
The pooled effect of ANC visit on Essential newborn practice among women in East Africa.
As described in Fig. 4 the random effect model analysis showed, women who had one or more antenatal care follow up were 3.71 times more likely practiced essential newborn care compared to mothers who had no ANC visit [OR 3.71, 95% CI 2.35, 5.88] (Fig. 4).
In order to identify the effect of four or more ANC follow up on essential newborn care practice about 4 additional studies with 2140 participants were included. The studies were conducted from 2012 to 2018 and published from 2015 to 2019 (Table 3).
Table 3.
Characteristics of studies included to identify the effect of number of ANC visits on essential newborn care practice in East Africa.
| Author (year) | Study area | Study design | Sample size | Study period | ANC visit | ENBCP | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | ||||||
| Tafere et al. (2018) | Ethiopia | FB follow up | 450 | 2016 | ≥ 4 | 56 | 171 |
| < 4 | 57 | 539 | |||||
| Kebede (2019) | Ethiopia | FB cross-sectional | 414 | 2016 | ≥ 4 | 7 | 3 |
| < 4 | 191 | 206 | |||||
| Mersha et al. (2018) | Ethiopia | CB cross-sectional | 630 | 2017 | ≥ 4 | 160 | 73 |
| < 4 | 82 | 86 | |||||
| Kayom et al. (2015) | Uganda | CB cross-sectional | 338 | 2012 | ≥ 4 | 107 | 60 |
| < 4 | 100 | 69 | |||||
Significant heterogeneity was observed between studies and detected using I2 statistic (I2 = 68.1, P = 0.024) (Fig. 5). Thus, a random effect model was used to estimate the pooled effect of four and more ANC follow up on essential newborn care practice in the study area (Table 3).
Figure 5.
The pooled effect of four or more ANC follow up on essential newborn care practice in East Africa.
The pooled effect of 4 studies revealed having four or more ANC follow up was significantly associated with essential newborn care practice in East Africa. Figure 5 illustrated women who had four or more ANC follow up were 2.11 times more likely practiced essential newborn care compared to women who had less than four ANC follow up (OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.33, 3.35).
Discussion
Antenatal care has been used as a strategy to reduce maternal and newborn morbidities and mortalities. In developing countries, different strategies have been implemented to improve the effectiveness of Antenatal care. Nowadays, most developing regions including East African regions used the focused ANC approach which was developed by WHO39,40.
Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis aims to estimate the pooled prevalence of newborn care practice and identify the effect of ANC follow up on essential newborn care practice among post-partum women in East Africa.
This review study estimated that the level of Essential newborn care practice among postpartum women in East Africa was 38%. This finding was lower as compared to a meta-analysis done in Ethiopia about 48.77%7, Nepal about 70.7%41, and India about 66.70%42. The possible justification for the discrepancy may be due to differences in socio-economic, differences in socio-cultural aspects, differences in study setting, and differences in sample size. In addition, the discrepancy may be due to the variation in maternal health services coverage across countries based on increased awareness and information about ENBC utilization.
This study revealed that women who attended antenatal care were more likely practiced essential newborn care in the study regions.
Concordant to this result there was a report from low income country43 and Northern Ghana44. This could be related that mothers who visited Antenatal care follow up had an opportunity of obtaining health workers information about the importance of newborn care practice through attending health facilities. Further, Antenatal care has a positive association with essential newborn practices including clean cord care and thermal care44. Furthermore, during immediate ANC visits they told from health professional about essential newborn care practice that helps to provide appropriate and timely periodic advice consult which would in turn increases the utilization newborn care45.
This review and meta-analysis had using large sample size, which meant that it could detect the effect of ANC on essential new born care practice. However, the study does not address other factors that influence essential newborn care practice.
This research is important for understanding the effect of ANC follow up on essential newborn care practice in East Africa. The finding is also relevant for policymakers to establish criteria for improving the quality of maternal and newborn care in East Africa.
Conclusion
This meta-analysis revealed that Essential newborn care practice among women in East Africa was low. Women who had one or more antenatal care follow up were more likely practiced essential newborn care in East Africa. Thus, women who attend four or more Antenatal care visits were more practiced essential newborn as compared to those who have less than four follow ups in the study area. Therefore, the governments and concerned bodies should give special attention to increase Antenatal care follow up of women to improve essential newborn care use.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank all authors of the primary studies included in this systematic review and meta-analysis.
Abbreviations
- ANC
Antenatal care
- ENBC
Essential newborn care
- WHO
World Health Organization
Author contributions
E.T.A.: conception of research protocol, study design, literature review, data extraction, data analysis, interpretation and drafting the manuscript. B.K., A.M., Z.F., R.D., Y.D., B.A., W.M.A., M.G., M.Y., M.S., G.B., T.C.M., M.A., and M.A.: data analysis, reviewing the manuscript, data extraction and quality assessment. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.
Funding
No funding was obtained for this study.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Footnotes
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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