Table 2.
Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals for Birth Characteristics and Risk of Pediatric Thyroid Cancer in Cases and Controls Born in California, 1978–2011, Overall and Stratified by Subtype
| All thyroid cancer (n = 1012 cases, 50,600 controls) |
Papillary (n = 845 cases, 42,250 controls) |
Follicular (n = 87 cases, 4350 controls) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | [CI] | OR | [CI] | OR | [CI] | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Male | 0.21 | [0.18–0.25] | 0.20 | [0.17–0.24] | 0.22 | [0.13–0.38] |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| White | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Hispanic | 1.20 | [1.01–1.42] | 1.20 | [1.00–1.45] | 0.67 | [0.37–1.22] |
| Black | 0.39 | [0.27–0.57] | — | |||
| Asian | 1.03 | [0.80–1.31] | — | |||
| Other | 0.48 | [0.20–1.17] | — | 0.87 | [0.48–1.60] | |
| Non-White/non-Hispanic | 0.71 | [0.57–0.89] | ||||
| Birth weight (per 500 g) | 1.11 | [1.04–1.18] | 1.10 | [1.03–1.18] | 1.06 | [0.86–1.31] |
| Gestational age (weeks) | ||||||
| 37–41 | 1.22 | [0.96–1.54] | 1.22 | [0.95–1.57] | 1.40 | [0.65–3.02] |
| 22–36 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| 42–44 | 0.88 | [0.70–1.10] | 0.87 | [0.65–1.07] | 1.57 | [0.82–3.00] |
| Unknown | 0.96 | [0.74–1.25] | 0.95 | [0.71–1.27] | 0.93 | [0.39–2.22] |
| Maternal age (years) | ||||||
| <20 | 0.65 | [0.48–0.87] | 0.62 | [0.45–0.87] | 0.97 | [0.34–2.78] |
| 20–24 | 0.89 | [0.74–1.07] | 0.87 | [0.70–1.07] | 1.05 | [0.56–1.96] |
| 25–29 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| 30–34 | 0.93 | [0.78–1.12] | 0.97 | [0.79–1.18] | 0.61 | [0.30–1.24] |
| ≥35 | 0.94 | [0.73–1.20] | 0.92 | [0.70–1.20] | 1.47 | [0.66–3.26] |
| Maternal education (years) | ||||||
| ≤8 | 0.65 | [0.48–0.87] | 0.67 | [0.49–0.91] | 0.79 | [0.29–2.13] |
| 9–11 | 0.93 | [0.72–1.19] | 0.94 | [0.72–1.24] | 0.79 | [0.31–2.01] |
| 12 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| 13–15 | 1.35 | [1.09–1.68] | 1.40 | [1.10–1.77] | 1.32 | [0.62–2.77] |
| 16+ | 1.35 | [1.07–1.71] | 1.42 | [1.10–1.84] | 1.72 | [0.78–3.80] |
| Unknown | 1.07 | [0.78–1.46] | 1.13 | [0.81–1.58] | 1.04 | [0.39–2.81] |
| Maternal birth place | ||||||
| United States | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Foreign | 1.18 | [1.00–1.38] | 1.37 | [1.16–1.62] | 1.01 | [0.58–1.76] |
| Paternal age (years) | ||||||
| <25 | 1.00 | [0.79–1.28] | 0.96 | [0.74–1.25] | 1.25 | [0.54–2.92] |
| 25–29 | 1.06 | [0.88–1.28] | 1.01 | [0.83–1.25] | 1.50 | [0.77–2.92] |
| 30–34 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| 35–39 | 1.23 | [1.00–1.51] | 1.29 | [1.03–1.62] | 1.33 | [0.63–2.83] |
| ≥40 | 1.12 | [0.85–1.46] | 1.18 | [0.88–1.58] | 0.70 | [0.24–2.08] |
| Unknown | 0.84 | [0.59–1.21] | 0.81 | [0.55–1.20] | 1.60 | [0.55–4.69] |
| Birth order | ||||||
| First | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Second | 0.99 | [0.84–1.15] | 0.94 | [0.79–1.11] | 1.42 | [0.80–2.50] |
| Third+ | 0.81 | [0.68–0.98] | 0.71 | [0.58–0.87] | 1.82 | [0.98–3.39] |
| Mode of delivery | ||||||
| Vaginal | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| C-section | 0.96 | [0.80–1.15] | 1.01 | [0.83–1.22] | 0.81 | [0.42–1.58] |
| Miscarriage/stillbirth | ||||||
| Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Ever | 1.05 | [0.89–1.24] | 0.99 | [0.82–1.19] | 0.91 | [0.52–1.61] |
| Maternal pregnancy complication | ||||||
| Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Ever | 1.01 | [0.84–1.22] | 1.03 | [0.84–1.26] | 0.76 | [0.39–1.50] |
| Unknown | 1.28 | [0.49–3.32] | 1.66 | [0.63–4.38] | 0.00 | [0–0] |
| Previous C-section | ||||||
| Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Ever | 1.04 | [0.79–1.28] | 0.98 | [0.73–1.31] | 1.60 | [0.69–3.72] |
| Unknown | 0.75 | [0.27–2.09] | 0.55 | [0.19–1.62] | 0.00 | [0–0] |
Regression models are multivariable models with all variables listed in table included.
CI, 95% confidence intervals; OR, odds ratios.