Table 2. Detection of polymorphisms in antibiotic resistance genes (23S rRNA, gyrA and gyrB) from treatment-naïve patients infected with Helicobacter pylori.
| Drug | Gene | Polymorphisms | Forward sequence | Reverse sequence | Frequency (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clarithromycin | 23S rRNA | T2186C (aka T2182C) |
 |
 |
72.1% (44/61) |
| Levofloxacin | gyrA | Silent mutation at 87Asn (AAT to AAC at position 261) |
 |
 |
32.8% (20/61) |
| gyrB | Silent mutation at 438Phe (TTC to TTT at position 1314) |
 |
 |
11.4% (7/61) |
|
| D481E |  |
 |
16.4% (10/61) |
||
| R484K |  |
 |
21.3% (13/61) |