Table 3. Primary antibiotic resistance over time in Malaysia.
| Study | Year of study | Sample size (n) | Methodology | % Resistance to clarithromycin | % Resistance to levofloxacin |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parasakthi & Goh, 1995 | 1994 | 20 | E-test | 0 | - |
| Goh et al., 1997 | 1996 | 63 | E-test | 0 | - |
| Goh et al., 2000 | 1999 | 74 | E-test | 0 | - |
| Ho et al., 2010 | 2002 | 107 | Molecular | 2.9 | - |
| Alfizah et al., 2014 | 2004–2007 | 161 | E-test | 1.2 | 1.9 |
| Ahmad et al., 2009 | 2005–2007 | 187 | E-test | 2.1 | - |
| Goh & Navaratnam, 2011 | 2009 | 90 | E-test | 0 | - |
| Teh et al., 2014 | 2014 | 102 | E-test | 6.8 | 6.8 |
| Hanafiah et al., 2019 | 2014–2015 | 41 | E-test | 12.2 | 17.1 |
| Present study, 2021 | 2019–2020 | 62 | Molecular | 14.8 | 3.3 |
Note:
- Not done.