Figure 2.

Signaling pathways of CB₁ and CB₂ receptors. G proteins are associated with CBR (i.e., CB₁ and CB₂). The inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and the stimulation of the variant MAPK cascades were demonstrated through these receptors’ activation. Moreover, the CB₁ cannabinoid receptor facilitates the regulation of the voltage gated Ca²⁺ channels as they are negatively regulated, and inwardly resolving K⁺ channels are positively regulated. Intracellular free Ca²⁺ increase is prompted through phospholipase C (PLC) activation. The inhibition of gene expression is facilitated by the PKA, and reduction in cAMP directs cannabinoid-mediated inhibition. It is resulting in the MAPK cascade activation associated with cell survival or apoptosis. Such signaling pathways/mechanisms are associated with the multiple functions of the cells that are regulated through CBR. Reprinted from Ref. [24] with permission from Elsevier. License Number: 5066110366934.