Abstract
Background:
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common malignant tumor of the hematopoietic system, which seriously threatens the lives of patients. Most AML patients have acute onset, severe condition, and poor prognosis. The present study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness and safety of chemotherapy combined with different doses of interleukin-2 (IL-2) maintenance treatments in AML by Bayesian network meta-analysis (NMA).
Methods:
From its inception until October 2021, we will search PubMed, Cochrane Library, CNKI, Embase, and other databases to comprehensively collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of chemotherapy combined with different doses of IL-2 maintenance therapies for AML. Two independent researchers will complete the literature screening and data extraction according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and then independently conduct a bias risk assessment of all the evidence. Bayesian NMA was used to evaluate all the evidence comprehensively. Use STATA16.0 and WinBUGS1.4.3 software to process and analyze all data, and classify the quality of evidence in NMA according to grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation.
Results:
The study will evaluate the efficacy and safety of chemotherapy combined with different doses of IL-2 maintenance therapies for AML.
Conclusion:
The study will provide a basis for the efficacy and safety of chemotherapy combined with different doses of IL-2 maintenance therapies for AML. We hope that this study can provide meaningful support for clinicians and patients.
Protocol registration number:
INPLASY202140106
Ethical approval:
Since the study is based on published or registered RCTs, ethical approval and patient informed consent are abandoned.
Keywords: AML, Bayesian, chemotherapy, IL-2, network meta-analysis, protocol
1. Introduction
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant tumor disease of the body's hematopoietic system. Although extensive research has been conducted to identify and discover prognostic markers, the mortality rate of AML is still high.[1] To improve safety, low-dose chemotherapy regimens have been considered in clinical practice, but the use of low-dose drugs for chemotherapy is difficult to control the condition of AML patients at the same time, unable to achieve the expected curative effect.[2]
In the clinical treatment of AML, the application of adjuvant treatments can effectively reduce the adverse reactions caused by chemotherapy. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an immune activator, which has a significant regulatory function of immune effector cells.[3] The patient was treated with high-dose IL-2 and the tumor disappeared after only a few months.[4] High dose of IL-2 (12∼24 MIU/m2) maintenance therapy can alleviate the condition of patients with advanced AML, but its adverse reactions are also very serious.[5] Pautas et al[6] compared the efficacy of IL-2 with placebo in the maintenance treatment of AML through many randomized controlled trials (RCTs). However, due to the small sample size and low test efficiency of various studies, there is still a lack of large-scale, multicenter RCTs to verify its efficacy and safety. The study will use NMA to analyze and evaluate the best treatment regimen of chemotherapy combined with different doses of IL-2 maintenance therapies for AML, and provide an objective basis and medication reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.
2. Methods
The study will strictly conform to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) specifications of the report.[7]
2.1. Study registration
The network meta-analysis (NMA) has been registered on the International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Agreement (INPLASY), and the registration number is INPLASY202140106 (DOI number = 10.37766/inplasy2021.4.0106, URL= https://inplasy.com/inplasy-2021-4-0106/).
2.2. Inclusion criteria
2.2.1. Type of study
The study will contain all relevant RCTs and systematic review/meta-analysis of different doses of IL-2 maintenance therapy for AML. Case reports, conference papers, overview, animal study, non-RCT, or semi-RCT trials, will not be included in the study, and the language will be confined to Chinese or English.
2.2.2. Types of participants
-
(1)
According to the clinical symptoms of patients, cytogenetics, and molecular biology, bone marrow aspiration biopsy conform to the relevant diagnostic criteria of AML,[8] and confirmed the type of leukemia after flow cytometry.
-
(2)
The diagnosis of each study group is clear, all of them are primary patients.
-
(3)
The data included in the research are reliable and the sample size was clear.
-
(4)
Select 1 of the duplicate documents or reports on the same population.
-
(5)
There are no restrictions on race, nationality, gender, age, or region.
-
(6)
The blood routine is normal and the estimated life cycle was more than 3 months.
-
(7)
The functions of important organs are basically normal.
-
(8)
Patients with other complex and serious diseases are not included. No previous history of coagulopathy and other tumor diseases;
2.2.3. Interventions and comparisons
The intervention group was treated with conventional chemotherapy as the control group, and at the same time, various adjuvant therapies such as different doses of IL-2 were used on the basis of conventional treatment. The chemotherapy regimen: combined chemotherapy with daunorubicin, cytarabine, and homoharringtonine. In the control group, the patients were induced by general chemotherapy. In actual treatment, to ensure that the vital signs of patients are normal, the control group and intervention group need to take drugs that protect organs and provide nutrition in accordance with conventional treatment, and perform regular blood tests at the same time. The number of blood tests are ≥2 times per week and observation Patients are prescribed medications for clinical symptoms.
2.2.4. Outcomes
Observation indicators: overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival time (RFs).
Secondary outcomes: including physical signs, peripheral blood, bone marrow, electrocardiogram (ECG) and other contents, as well as factors related to myocardial enzyme spectrum, liver and kidney function, as well as the incidence of toxicity and side effects. The clinical remission effect was divided into complete remission, partial remission, and no remission.
2.3. Exclusion criteria
-
(1)
The identification of AML does not meet the criteria of this article.
-
(2)
The patients with AML who have been diagnosed and treated or experienced radiotherapy and chemotherapy, secondary AML, central nervous system, and mixed cell leukemia.
-
(3)
A history of other malignant tumors in the past 3 years.
-
(4)
Lack of the literature on main research indicators.
-
(5)
Literature of qualitative research.
-
(6)
Literature review without control study.
-
(7)
Literature with incomplete or false clinical data.
-
(8)
No support for follow-up treatment.
-
(9)
Combined with heart, lung, liver, and other functional lesions.
-
(10)
Those who have an allergy history and allergic constitution to biological products, pregnant women, and lactating women.
2.4. Databases and search strategy
We will carefully discuss the retrieval skills and precautions of the literature retrieval, and formulate the final retrieval strategy after multiple pre-searches. The search databases are as follows: Cochrane Library, PubMed, Cochrane Controlled Trial Center Registration, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (SinoMed), EMBASE, CNKI, Chinese Journal Full-text Database, Wanfang Database, Chinese Science and Technology Journal Full-text Database, ScienceNet, and VIP Database. The search strategy consists of grid and keywords. The specific retrieval scheme of PubMed database is shown in Table 1.
Table 1.
The specific retrieval scheme of PubMed database.
| No. | Search item |
| #1 | acute myeloid leukemia [MeSH Terms] |
| #2 | acute myeloid leukemia [Title/Abstract] OR AML [Title/Abstract] OR acute, myeloid, leukemia[Title/Abstract] OR leukemia, acute, [Title/Abstract] OR leukemia, myeloid [Title/Abstract] OR leukemia [Title/Abstract] |
| #3 | #1 OR #2 |
| #4 | chemotherapy Therapies [MeSH Terms] |
| #5 | Therapies, chemotherapy [Title/Abstract] OR Therapy, chemotherapy [Title/Abstract] OR chemotherapy, Medicine [Title/Abstract] OR Medicine, chemotherapy [Title/Abstract] OR Demethoxydaunor Ubicin [Title/Abstract] OR Idarubicin [Title/Abstract] OR Cytosine 1-beta-D-arabinofuranoside [Title/ Abstract] OR 1-b-D-Arabinofuranosylcytosine [Title/Abstract] OR cytarabine [Title/Abstract] OR cytosine arabinoside [Title/Abstract] arabinocytidine [Title/Abstract] |
| #6 | #4 OR #5 |
| #7 | Interleukin-2 [MeSH Terms] |
| #8 | Interleukin-2 [Title/Abstract] OR IL-2 [Title/Abstract] OR Interleukin, 2 [Title/Abstract] OR Therapies, Interleukin-2 [Title/Abstract] OR Therapy, Interleukin-2 [Title/Abstract] OR Therapy, IL-2 [Title/Abstract] OR Therapies, IL-2 [Title/Abstract] OR Interleukin-2, Therapies [Title/Abstract] OR Interleukin-2, Therapy [Title/Abstract] OR IL-2, Therapy [Title/Abstract] OR IL-2, Therapies [Title/Abstract] |
| #9 | #7 OR #8 |
| #10 | Randomized Controlled Trial [Publication Type] OR RCT [Publication Type] OR Controlled Clinical Trial [Publication Type] OR randomly [Title/Abstract] OR Randomized [Title/Abstract] OR random allocation [Title/Abstract] |
| #11 | #3 AND #6 AND #9 AND #10 |
2.5. Data extraction
According to the above-mentioned search strategy, all relevant documents searched in the database were imported into EndNoteX9, and 2 researchers independently perform document screening at the same time. The controversial literature are discussed to decide whether it should be included or not. Or, if necessary, a third-party researcher can help to solve the problem and explain the reasons. Use Microsoft Excel 2019 software to record all data. The extracted literature data are as follows.
2.5.1. Basic information for information release and data extraction
Title, first author, journal, publication date, country, data extraction date, title, author, journal, year, trial registration number, etc.
2.5.2. Basic information of participants
Sample size, race, gender, age, source of research subjects, inclusion criteria, exclusion criteria, duration, and missing persons, etc.
2.5.3. Intervention measures
Specific treatment methods, intervention details, frequency, dosage, treatment duration, etc.
2.5.4. Outcome measures
Main observation indicators: OS and RFs, secondary outcomes: (physical signs, peripheral blood, bone marrow, ECG, myocardial enzymes, liver and kidney function, and the incidence of toxicity and side effects), odds ratio (OR), average deviation, confidence interval (CI), incidence of adverse events, economic cost, etc.
2.6. Risk of bias assessment
Two researchers will independently evaluate the methodological quality of the included RCT based on the bias risk assessment tool of Cochrane Collaboration,[9] which mainly includes 7 aspects. It includes random sequence generation method, allocation concealment, blind method, result data integrity, selective result reporting bias, and other bias. Each aspect is divided into “yes,” “no” and “not clear.” If 2 researchers have different opinions, it is determined by discussing with the third researcher or contacting the original author.
2.7. Assessment of heterogeneity
We will apply the chi-square test to estimate the heterogeneity and use i2 statistics to assess the heterogeneity of each pair of comparisons. When i2 < 50%, the heterogeneity is small, we will use the fixed effects model, when i2 > 50%, the heterogeneity is obvious, we will use the random-effects model.
2.7.1. Subgroup analysis
We will conduct a subgroup analysis of the reasons for the heterogeneity according to the source of the heterogeneity. In addition, we will use several aspects such as treatment type, disease course, age, gender, country, publication year, onset time, and duration for group analysis in different design schemes.
2.8. Sensitivity analysis
We will also use the exclusion method to analyze the sensitivity of all outcome indicators to disease. After changing some important factors that may affect the results, if the heterogeneity changes, then this article is the cause of the heterogeneity. On the contrary, the quality has not changed, indicating that the sensitivity is low, and the result is stable and credible.
2.9. Statistical analysis
2.9.1. Pairwise meta-analysis
We will conduct a pairwise meta-analysis by using STATA16.0 software. Bivariate and continuous variables are represented by OR and mean difference , respectively. Analyze the 95% CI of each effect index, and evaluate the degree of heterogeneity of each pair of studies by calculating I 2.
2.9.2. Network meta-analysis
We will use STATA16.0 for NMA, and use a random-effects model to merge the data and draw a network diagram. NMA uses Bayesian Markov-chain Monte Carlo method for operation, so we will apply the MCMC in WinBUGS1.4.3 to perform the Bayesian NMA of the random-effects model.[10] And we will use the Brooks Gelman-Rubin statistical method to assess convergence. If the potential proportional reduction factor tends to 1, it means that the convergence of the model is more reliable.[11,12] We will use the surface under the cumulative ranking curve value to rank interventions.[13] The surface under the cumulative ranking cure value ranges from 0 to 1. When the value is close to 1, the convergence is better and the conclusion is more credible, and the more likely the intervention becomes the best intervention. When there is a closed loop in NMA, we need to evaluate its consistency.[14] Therefore, we will use the node segmentation method to calculate the difference between the direct comparison evidence and the indirect comparison evidence, and then we use the P value to determine whether there is any inconsistency.[15,16]
2.9.3. Assessment of publication bias
For articles with more than 10 studies, a funnel chart is used to analyze the publication bias for potential publication bias. Publication bias can be evaluated by observing the symmetry of the funnel plot. If the funnel is symmetric, there is no obvious publication bias. If it is asymmetric, there may be a release bias, and then we will analyze the reason.
2.9.4. Assessment of the quality of evidence
We will evaluate the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations through the grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation (GRADE) method. The evaluation of GRADE in the NMA mainly includes 5 aspects: research limitations, inconsistencies, indirectness, publication bias, and inaccuracy.[17] GRADE divides the quality of evidence into 4 levels: high, medium, low, and very low. The recommended strength is divided into 2 levels: strong and weak.
3. Discussion
In recent years, bone marrow suppression is obvious after receiving high-dose chemotherapy in clinical AML patients, the immune function decreased, and the prognosis of patients was relatively higher poor.[18–21] IL-2 can treat AML by activating and expanding functional NK cells and T cells in the body.[22] IL-2 may be more effective for young AML patients, because young AML patients are more sensitive to chemotherapy, and young people are more willing to receive more intense induction chemotherapy and adjuvant therapy.[23] Donor lymphocyte infusion combined with IL-2 and other cytokines have good prospects for the treatment of malignant tumors.[24]
NMA is based on an indirect comparative meta-analysis or multiple interventions, which has obvious advantages. In this study, we will use Bayesian NMA to compare the effectiveness and safety of different chemotherapy combined with different doses of IL-2 maintenance therapies. The interventions were ranked through SURCA, and GRADE was used to assess the quality of the evidence. In this study, although we conducted NMA using the Bayesian model, our study still has some limitations. For example, there may be an uneven quality of literary research in our research materials, which reduces the reliability of the research. Therefore, we hope to include more high-quality, large-scale, multi-center RCTs to continuously improve the level of evidence-based medicine. We hope that this study can help clinicians and patients to choose the best scheme to improve the efficacy and safety of chemotherapy combined with different doses of IL-2 maintenance therapies for AML, and provide a better decision-making basis for clinical practice.
Author contributions
Conceptualization: Xuewei Yin, Ruirong Xu.
Data curation: Yi Ding, Liming Yu.
Investigation: Xuewei Yin, Yi Ding, Chenchen Guo.
Methodology: Yanyan Cui, Xixi Zhai, Yan Wang.
Software: Mingyue Shen, Zonghong Li.
Validation: Yi Ding, Shumin Ding.
Writing – original draft: Xuewei Yin, Liming Yu.
Writing – review & editing: Xuewei Yin, Yi Ding, Ruirong Xu.
Footnotes
Abbreviations: AML = acute myeloid leukemia, GRADE = grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation, IL-2 = interleukin-2, NMA = Bayesian network meta-analysis, OS = overall survival, RCTS = randomized controlled trial, RFs = relapse-free survival time.
How to cite this article: Yin X, Ding Y, Yu L, Guo C, Cui Y, Zhai X, Wang Y, Ding S, Shen M, Li Z, Xu R. Efficacy and safety of chemotherapy combined with different doses of IL-2 maintenance therapies for acute myeloid leukemia: a protocol for a Bayesian network meta-analysis. Medicine. 2021;100:23(e26098).
The study is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81974547) and Key project of Shandong Natural Science Foundation (No. ZR2020KH023).
The funders had no role in the design, execution, or writing of the study.
The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the present study.
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