Abstract
Contagious ecthyma (CE) has been a frequently occurring disease in captive Norwegian muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus), inflicting heavy losses among calves and adult males; adult females, however, have been little affected.
Parapox virus particles from papilloma tissue were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Papilloma tissue excerted a typical cytopathic effect on human continuous lumar cell line. Sera from infected muskoxen contained antibodies reacting with virus antigen from muskoxen papilloma tissue in a complement fixation test.
In animals already affected, papilloma tissue was surgically removed at intervals and the lesions injected with active papilloma tissue homogenate emulsified in Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA). Serum antibody titers against CE virus increased 3 times in response to this treatment which reduced papilloma growth, but recovery was slow in adults and all but 1 calf succumbed when offered this treatment only.
Isolated purified X-ray inactivated CE virus in FCA injected s.c. 4 weeks post partum was first attempted as a vaccine against CE. This treatment increased serum CE-antibody level, but did not prevent CE in calves experimentally injected with live CE virus. The incubation time of CE in this experiment was 20 days.
Adequate protection was, however, obtained with a vaccine consisting of homogenated, glutaraldehyde inactivated, muskox papilloma tissue in FCA injected s.c. 2 weeks post partum. It is assumed that this protection was due to activation of both humoral and cellular immune mechanisms.
Keywords: parapoxvirus, vaccine, immune system
Sammendrag
Contagious ecthyma (GE) har vært et tilbakevendende problem i forbindelse med domestisering av moskus.
Utbrudd av GE har som oftest resultert i store tap av kalver og voksne okser, mens kuene bare har utviklet små vorter.
Parapox-lignende partikler i papillomvev fra CE-angrepne kalver ble observert i transmisjon electron-mikroskop. Videre utviklet Papillomvevet en cytopatisk reaksjon på en kontinuerlig human lumar celle rekke. Det ble også påvist antistoffer i sera fra CE-angrepne moskus som reagerte med virus-antigen fra papillomvevet i en komplement fiksasjons-test. På dyr som allerede var angrepet ble papillomvevet regelmessig fjernet kirurgisk. For hver slik behandling ble dyrene injisert med homogenisert papillomvev blandet med „Freunds complete adjuvant” (FGA). Serum antistoff titer var 3 ganger høyere efter denne behandlingen. Likevel gikk rehabiliteringen sakte hos voksne dyr, og mange av kalvene døde.
Renset CE-virus, røntgen inaktivert og blandet med FGA, ble derefter brukt som vaksine ved injisering i 4 uker gamle kalver. Denne behandlingen økte CE-antistoff nivået i serum, men det var ikke tilstrekkelig til å forhindre utbrudd av sykdommen ved eksperimenteli infektion med levende CE-virus i kalver. Inkubasjonstiden for CE var 20 dager i dette eskperimentet.
Tilstrekkelig beskyttelse mot CE-virus ble oppnådd ved injeksjon av homogenisert glutaraldehyd inaktivert papillomvev i FCA 2 uker efter fødselen. Vi antar at dette skyldes aktivering av både de humorale og cellulære immunmekanismene i dyret.
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