Nasopharyngeal reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay for SARS-CoV-2 is considered the gold standard for diagnosing COVID-19 infections. However, multiple reports in adults with acute COVID-19 have shown positive tracheobronchial RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 despite initial negative nasopharyngeal testing.1–5 Furthermore, viral nucleic acid appears to persist longer in the lower respiratory tract than in the upper respiratory tract in adults, suggesting that the lower respiratory tract may be a more accurate sampling site later in the course of infection.6
Children with COVID-19 generally have less severe symptoms than adults, including significantly fewer cases of respiratory compromise and an increased likelihood of asymptomatic infection.7–9 Lack of symptoms is insufficient to rule out lower respiratory tract disease, and characteristic ground glass opacities have been observed on chest computed tomography in asymptomatic children.10 However, it is unclear whether children can harbor virus in their lower respiratory tract with a negative nasopharyngeal test. Understanding the SARS-CoV-2 viral reservoir in children is important for diagnostic and infection prevention control reasons and has hospital and public health implications. The aim of this study is to determine the concordance of upper and lower respiratory samples for SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic children presenting for surgery.
The institutional review board at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia approved the study and consent was obtained from guardians. A convenience sample of asymptomatic pediatric patients less than 18 years old, undergoing procedures for which endotracheal intubation or diagnostic bronchoalveolar lavage were planned, were enrolled between July 10 and November 24, 2020. The study was conducted at a tertiary care children’s hospital.
After general anesthesia was induced and subjects were unconscious, tracheal aspirate or bronchoalveolar lavage samples were collected by clinicians (anesthesiologist or pulmonologist). At the time of lower respiratory tract sample collection, nasopharyngeal swabs were also obtained. All samples were tested with an in-house developed RT-PCR laboratory assay, which like most commercially available RT-PCR assays, uses the same N2 primer and probe as the Centers for Disease Control-developed assay. The cycle threshold (number of cycles needed to amplify viral RNA to a detectable level) was 40. Electronic medical records were reviewed for demographics and clinical symptoms.
Statistical analyses were performed using STATA 14.2 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX). Concordance was determined between nasopharyngeal and lower respiratory tract samples with Fisher’s exact test. A data analysis and statistical plan was written and filed with the institutional review board before data was accessed.
360 subjects were enrolled. 2 subjects had insufficient lower respiratory tract samples, leaving 358 subjects with evaluable upper and lower respiratory sample pairs. 322 tracheal aspirates and 36 bronchoalveolar lavage samples were collected. Median age was 6 years old (range 6 days - 18 years). Gender, race, ethnicity, and procedure types are described in Table 1. Among the 358 lower respiratory tract samples, all were negative for SARS-CoV-2. Of 358 nasopharyngeal samples, 2/358 (0.6%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2, with 99.4% concordance between upper and lower respiratory tract samples (p=0.008). (Table 2) The SARS-CoV-2 positive nasopharyngeal samples had cycle thresholds of 39.86 and 39.11. Neither of the SARS-CoV-2 positive subjects reported symptoms of COVID-19.
Table 1:
Demographics
| Characteristic | No. (%) |
|---|---|
| Age, Median, y (range) | 6y (6d-18y) |
| Male | 214 (58.8%) |
| Race | |
| White/Caucasian | 220 (61.5%) |
| Black/African American | 59 (16.5%) |
| Asian | 15 (4.2%) |
| Other/Unknown | 64 (17.9%) |
| Ethnicity | |
| Hispanic | 45 (12.6%) |
| Non-Hispanic | 309 (86.3%) |
| Unknown | 4 (1.1%) |
| Procedure type* | |
| Otolaryngology | 121 (33.8%) |
| General Surgery | 49 (13.7%) |
| Plastics | 33 (9.2%) |
| Urology | 33 (9.2%) |
| Neurosurgery | 25 (7.0%) |
| Dental | 23 (6.4%) |
| Pulmonary | 22 (6.1%) |
| GI Endoscopy | 19 (5.3%) |
| Orthopedics | 16 (4.5%) |
| Oral and maxillofacial | 9 (2.5%) |
| Oncology | 2 (0.6%) |
| Transplant | 1 (0.3%) |
May have more than 1 procedure per surgical case, with sum greater than 100%
Table 2:
Paired upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract samples
| Upper Respiratory Tract | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower Respiratory Tract | Negative | Positive | Total | |
| Negative | 356 | 2 | 358 | |
| Positive | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
In our cohort, the two cases of discordance were in subjects with positive nasopharyngeal swab and negative tracheal aspirate. Both nasopharyngeal positive subjects had cycle threshold that were very close to the limit for detection, indicating low viral loads. Our data suggest that in asymptomatic pediatric patients, nasopharyngeal samples are more sensitive for detecting SARS-CoV-2 than tracheal aspirate or bronchoalveolar lavage samples, and that false negative results are extremely rare.
There are several limitations to our study. Our cohort included few SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive patients because all patients at our hospital are tested prior to surgery and if positive, surgery was postponed unless emergent. Similarly, all subjects were asymptomatic with respect to SARS-CoV-2 infection. This data should also be interpreted in the setting of community prevalence. During the study period, our pediatric healthcare network-wide SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test positivity rate for pediatric patients was 1.1–8.7%.
As pediatric specialists determine how to safely care for patients in the setting of COVID-19, understanding viral reservoirs and the accuracy of test sampling sites in children is vital. The results of this systematic study are reassuring to providers who perform aerosol-generating procedures in children. The results support the pre-procedure use of upper respiratory sample testing as a safe and accurate screening test. Further studies in symptomatic children, children known to be SARS-CoV-2 positive, and in special populations (e.g., immunocompromised patients), are required to determine if these finding are generalizable to these populations.
Funding statement:
Audrey R. Odom John is supported by NIH/NIAID R01-AI103280, R21-AI123808, and R21-AI130584, and is an Investigator in the Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases (PATH) of the Burroughs Wellcome Fund.
Footnotes
Conflicts of interest: The authors declare no competing interests
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