Fig. 2.

Genotoxicity of HCT116 cells. DNA damage measured by micronucleus frequency in (A) cells co-treated with TNF-α and BaP or (B) cells co-treated with TNF-α and PhIP for 48 h. The treatment concentrations of BaP and PhIP were 10 μM and 100 μM, respectively. Statistically significant differences are shown as following: carcinogen treatment vs. co-treatment (p < 0.05, ++p < 0.01, +++p < 0.001, ++++ p < 0.0001), TNF-α vs. co-treatment (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001), negative control Vs. carcinogens or TNF-α treatment (#p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001, ####p < 0.0001). Significance was calculated using one-way ANOVA with a Dunnett test. The data are presented as SEM from three independent cultures.