Carolina Lucas
Carolina Lucas
1Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
1,#,
Jon Klein
Jon Klein
1Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
1,#,
Maria E Sundaram
Maria E Sundaram
2ICES, Toronto, ON Canada
3Centre for Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of Toronto Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, ON Canada
2,3,
Feimei Liu
Feimei Liu
1Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
1,
Patrick Wong
Patrick Wong
1Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
1,
Julio Silva
Julio Silva
1Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
1,
Tianyang Mao
Tianyang Mao
1Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
1,
Ji Eun Oh
Ji Eun Oh
1Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
1,
Subhasis Mohanty
Subhasis Mohanty
1Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
4Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
1,4,
Jiefang Huang
Jiefang Huang
1Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
4Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
1,4,
Maria Tokuyama
Maria Tokuyama
1Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
1,
Peiwen Lu
Peiwen Lu
1Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
1,
Arvind Venkataraman
Arvind Venkataraman
1Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
1,
Annsea Park
Annsea Park
1Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
1,
Benjamin Israelow
Benjamin Israelow
1Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
4Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
1,4,
Chantal B F Vogels
Chantal B F Vogels
5Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT USA
5,
M Catherine Muenker
M Catherine Muenker
5Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT USA
5,
C-Hong Chang
C-Hong Chang
6Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
6,
Arnau Casanovas-Massana
Arnau Casanovas-Massana
5Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT USA
5,
Adam J Moore
Adam J Moore
5Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT USA
5,
Joseph Zell
Joseph Zell
7Department of Internal Medicine/Section General Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
7,
John B Fournier
John B Fournier
4Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
4;
Yale IMPACT Research Team,
Anne L Wyllie
Anne L Wyllie
5Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT USA
5,
Melissa Campbell
Melissa Campbell
4Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
4,
Alfred I Lee
Alfred I Lee
8Department of Hematology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
8,
Hyung J Chun
Hyung J Chun
6Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
6,
Nathan D Grubaugh
Nathan D Grubaugh
5Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT USA
5,
Wade L Schulz
Wade L Schulz
9Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
10Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT USA
9,10,
Shelli Farhadian
Shelli Farhadian
4Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
4,
Charles Dela Cruz
Charles Dela Cruz
11Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
11,
Aaron M Ring
Aaron M Ring
1Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
1,
Albert C Shaw
Albert C Shaw
1Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
4Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
1,4,
Adam V Wisnewski
Adam V Wisnewski
7Department of Internal Medicine/Section General Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
7,
Inci Yildirim
Inci Yildirim
12Department of Pediatric, Section of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
13Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
12,13,
Albert I Ko
Albert I Ko
4Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
5Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT USA
4,5,
Saad B Omer
Saad B Omer
4Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
5Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT USA
13Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
4,5,13,
Akiko Iwasaki
Akiko Iwasaki
1Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
14Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD USA
1,14,✉
1Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
2ICES, Toronto, ON Canada
3Centre for Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of Toronto Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, ON Canada
4Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
5Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT USA
6Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
7Department of Internal Medicine/Section General Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
8Department of Hematology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
9Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
10Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT USA
11Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
12Department of Pediatric, Section of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
13Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
14Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD USA
16Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
17Department of Biochemistry and of Molecular Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
18Yale Viral Hepatitis Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
19Yale Center for Clinical Investigation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
20Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
21Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
Subject terms: Antibodies, Viral infection
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc. 2021
This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.