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. 2021 Mar 15;162(1):S26–S44. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002269

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Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the International Association for the Study of Pain.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.

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Figure 2. — A caterpillar plot of the 1544 nested comparisons extracted from the 374 studies included in the meta-analysis. Hedges' g standardised mean differences (SMD) were calculated for each comparison. Effect sizes were pooled using the random-effects model and heterogeneity estimated with the restricted maximum-likelihood model (red dashed line indicates overall mean). Overall effect size = 1.321. Q = 4101.26, df 1543, P < 0.0001, I² = 61.58%.