Abstract
Background
Sorafenib is mainly used to treat patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage C, many of whom also have severe cirrhosis. However, hypersplenism and digestive tract hemorrhage are common complications of cirrhosis, which increase the risk and difficulty of treatment.
Methods
Nineteen patients with HCC BCLC stage C with hypersplenism were treated with sorafenib plus partial splenic embolism at Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China, between January 2015 and June 2018. We analyzed the therapeutic effect and clinical safety of this treatment in these patients.
Result
Hypersplenism was rectified in all patients. The incidence rates of hemorrhage and myelosuppression were 0%, and the mean survival time was 11.2 months.
Conclusion
Sorafenib plus partial splenic embolism could relieve hypersplenism and prolong survival in patients with BCLC stage C HCC.
Keywords: Sorafenib, partial splenic embolism, hypersplenism, survival time, hepatocellular carcinoma, liver cirrhosis
Introduction
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the seventh most common malignant tumor and the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, 1 with most patients diagnosed at an advanced stage. Sorafenib is one of the main treatments for patients with HCC Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage C, 85% of whom also have severe cirrhosis. 2 Patients with cirrhosis develop hypersplenism and thrombocytopenia as hepatic fibrosis progresses, while portal hypertension caused by the cirrhosis may results in massive and fatal hemorrhage of the digestive tract. Although the drug labeling does not cite low white blood cell and platelet counts as contraindications for sorafenib use, they indicate an incidence of myelosuppression of about 1% to 10%, meaning that doctors are reluctant to use sorafenib in patients with advanced liver cancer combined with hypersplenism.
It is therefore necessary to determine how to administer sorafenib safely and reduce the incidence of complications in patients with advanced liver cancer. Here, we report on a series of patients with HCC BCLC stage C combined with hypersplenism who were treated with sorafenib plus partial splenic embolism (PSE).
Patients and methods
Patients
A series of patients with HCC BCLC stage C combined with hypersplenism treated with sorafenib plus PSE at Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China, between January 2015 and June 2018, were included in the study. All patients were diagnosed according to the European Association for the Study of Liver Disease/American Association for the Study of Liver Disease criteria. The inclusion criteria were: (i) patients with HCC BCLC stage C, not suitable for transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), radiofrequency ablation, or other treatments; (ii) severe hypersplenism (platelets <70 × 109/L or white blood cells <3 × 109/L); and (iii) Child–Pugh A or B. The exclusion criteria were: (i) incomplete follow-up data; and (ii) combined with other serious diseases. The study was approved by the ethics committee of the Chongqing University Cancer Hospital (approved 5 January 2015). All patients provided written informed consent.
Treatments
All patients were treated with PSE using the Seldinger technique. A 4.0 French catheter was inserted into the femoral artery, the main splenic artery was located by celiac arteriography, and the blood supply to the spleen was revealed by splenic arteriography. We then performed non-selective splenic embolization of the splenic artery using 300 to 500 µm microspheres, with an area of splenic embolization >60%. 3 All patients were treated with prophylactic antibiotics.
The patients’ conditions were evaluated 2 weeks after PSE. Enhanced computed tomography (CT) was used to determine if the splenic infarction rate was >60%, and white blood cell and platelet counts were confirmed to be normal. Sorafenib administration was then started at a conventional dose of 0.4 g twice daily, and adjusted according to patient tolerance. Sorafenib was stopped if the blood cell counts decreased or if liver function deteriorated to Child–Pugh C.
Assessments
All patients were reviewed monthly. The reviews included measurements of alpha fetoprotein, protein induced by Vitamin K absence or antagonist-II, enhanced CT of the upper abdomen, white blood cell and platelet counts, hemoglobin, albumin, prothrombin time–international normalized ratio, total bilirubin, and Child–Pugh score. All patients were observed and followed-up for postoperative complications, improvements of hypersplenism, adverse reactions during sorafenib treatment, and survival time from the beginning of PSE to the end of sorafenib treatment.
Statistical analysis
Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or frequency (%).Clinical indexes before and after treatment were compared by paired t-tests, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
The patients’ baseline clinical information is shown in Table 1. The symptoms of hypersplenism, including platelet count and white blood cell count, improved significantly after treatment (P < 0.05), but the Child–Pugh score remained unchanged (Table 2). All patients developed fever (temperature 37.8–39.3°C) after PSE, and 15 patients developed left upper abdominal pain requiring analgesic treatment (visual analog score: 3–7). Two patients developed left pleural effusion and one had pneumonia. The adverse events are listed in Table 3. All patients received sorafenib treatment. The most common adverse event was hand–foot syndrome, which was relieved by external application of traditional Chinese medicine. There were no incidences of hemorrhage or myelosuppression throughout the treatment period, and no severe adverse events requiring sorafenib dose reduction. The mean survival time was 11.2 months.
Table 1.
Baseline patient characteristics.
| Number | Age (years) | Sex | Etiology | C–P score | MPVTT | Extrahepatic metastasis | White blood cells (109/L) | Platelets (109/L) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 45 | M | HBV | 5 | Y | Lung | 1.5 | 35 |
| 2 | 48 | F | HBV | 5 | Y | Bone | 2.1 | 50 |
| 3 | 50 | M | HBV | 5 | N | Lung | 2.2 | 45 |
| 4 | 49 | M | HBV | 6 | Y | N | 1.9 | 48 |
| 5 | 60 | M | HBV | 6 | N | Bone | 2.3 | 39 |
| 6 | 61 | M | HBV | 6 | Y | N | 2.8 | 47 |
| 7 | 58 | M | HCV | 7 | Y | N | 2.4 | 36 |
| 8 | 43 | F | HBV | 7 | N | Bone | 1.4 | 52 |
| 9 | 53 | M | HBV | 6 | N | Lung | 2.3 | 53 |
| 10 | 49 | M | HBV | 6 | Y | N | 2.5 | 49 |
| 11 | 60 | M | NBNC | 5 | N | Bone | 1.9 | 46 |
| 12 | 62 | M | HBV | 7 | N | Lung | 2.1 | 58 |
| 13 | 57 | M | HBV | 7 | Y | N | 2.6 | 46 |
| 14 | 59 | M | HBV | 7 | Y | Lung | 2.9 | 40 |
| 15 | 60 | M | HBV | 6 | N | Bone | 2.5 | 50 |
| 16 | 58 | M | HBV | 7 | N | Lung | 2.6 | 37 |
| 17 | 61 | M | NBNC | 7 | Y | Lung | 3.1 | 60 |
| 18 | 43 | M | HBV | 6 | N | Lung | 2.4 | 45 |
| 19 | 55 | M | HBV | 7 | N | Lung | 2.6 | 50 |
| Mean | 54.5±6.5 | 6.2±0.8 | 2.3±0.4 | 46.6±6.9 |
M, male, F, female; N, no; Y, yes; MPVTT, main portal vein tumor thrombus; C–P score, Child–Pugh score, HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; NBNC, non-B, non-C hepatocellular carcinoma.
Table 2.
Changes in platelet count, white blood cell count, and Child–Pugh score during treatment
| Pre-treatment level | After 2 weeks |
After 1 month |
After 3 months |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Level | P value | Level | P value | Level | P value | ||
| Platelet count (109/L) | 46.6 ± 6.9 | 190.0 ± 65.4 | <0.0001 | 254.6 ± 97.9 | <0.0001 | 158.3 ± 41.8 | <0.0001 |
| White blood cells (109/L) | 2.3 ± 0.4 | 11.3 ± 2.3 | <0.0001 | 7.5 ± 1.5 | <0.0001 | 4.8 ± 1.1 | <0.0001 |
| Child–Pugh score | 6.2 ± 0.8 | 6.0 ± 0.8 | 0.16 | 5.9 ± 0.9 | 0.29 | 6.5 ± 1.0 | 0.31 |
Table 3.
Complications of partial splenic embolism
| Complication | N |
|---|---|
| Pain | 15 |
| Splenic abscess | 0 |
| Fever | 19 |
| Pneumonia | 1 |
| Pleural effusion | 2 |
| Hematoma | 0 |
| Hemorrhage | 0 |
| Ascites | 0 |
Discussion
HCC patients with cirrhosis with severe thrombocytopenia are at high risk of bleeding and death, while this hematologic abnormality can also adversely affect the critical treatment of HCC by limiting the patient’s treatment options and delaying planned diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. 4 Many patients with liver cancer do not die from the cancer but from complications of liver cirrhosis, and patients with advanced liver cancer complicated with cirrhosis should thus be treated for cirrhosis, as well as cancer. In addition, patients with elevated blood pressure following sorafenib administration may be at significantly increased risk of bleeding due to hypertension, as soon as within the first day after initiating therapy.5,6 A previous study found incidences of hypertension in HCC patients treated with sorafenib of 18.8% and 2% for all levels and levels 3/4, respectively, according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events. 7 However, Kim et al. showed that PSE combined with TACE effectively induced and maintained improvements in thrombocytopenia and reduced the need for platelet transfusion. 8 PSE has been reported to be effective not only for improving cytopenia, but also for enhancing hepatic functional reserve and hepatic protein synthesis by decreasing splenic blood flow and increasing hepatic artery and superior mesentery artery blood flow.9,10 Moreover, PSE can induce activation of host immunity 11 and promote anti-tumor effects. PSE is thus an important treatment for liver cancer patients with cirrhosis.
In this study, we included patients with distant metastasis of liver cancer or main portal vein tumor thrombosis. Sorafenib is the only recommended treatment for these patients according to BCLC stage, because the disease is too advanced and TACE cannot be administered because of portal venous embolism. However, we additionally administered PSE to patients in the current study, and showed that both white blood cells and platelets returned to normal levels after PSE, indicating that the hypersplenism was significantly improved. Furthermore, there were no changes in liver function and no gastrointestinal bleeding during the subsequent use of sorafenib. The main complications of PSE were fever and pain, but these generally only lasted for 3 to 5 days and recovered after symptomatic treatment, and all patients showed good tolerance to the treatment.
The average survival time of the patients in this study was 11.2 months, compared with Bruix et al.’s analysis, which showed a median overall survival of 9.7 months in BCLC C patients treated with sorafenib. 12 PSE cannot improve the effect of sorafenib, but can reduce the mortality caused by massive hemorrhage of the digestive tract in these patients with liver cancer and cirrhosis. PSE combined with sorafenib thus has the following advantages: PSE can significantly increase white blood cells and platelets and improve hypersplenism, allowing doctors to use sorafenib and detect bone marrow suppression after sorafenib, while portal vein pressure can be reduced by splenic embolization, thereby reducing the risk of end-stage bleeding.
This study had some limitations. This was a single-center study with a small number of cases. Furthermore, the risk of complications meant that it was not possible to include a comparative group treated with sorafenib alone.
In conclusion, sorafenib plus PSE can relieve hypersplenism and prolong survival in patients with HCC BCLC stage C. PSE followed by sorafenib is therefore recommended in patients with advanced liver cancer with hypersplenism.
Footnotes
Declaration of conflicting interest: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Funding: This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
ORCID iD: Xianzhang Luo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5629-8163
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