Skip to main content
PMC home page
Virologica Sinica logoLink to Virologica Sinica
. 2012 Apr 11;27(2):71–82. doi: 10.1007/s12250-012-3236-y

Genetic modification of baculovirus expression vectors

Shu-fen Li 1, Hua-lin Wang 1, Zhi-hong Hu 1, Fei Deng 1,✉
PMCID: PMC8218127  PMID: 22491998

Abstract

As a protein expression vector, the baculovirus demonstrates many advantages over other vectors. With the development of biotechnology, baculoviral vectors have been genetically modified to facilitate high level expression of heterologous proteins in both insect and mammalian cells. These modifications include utilization of different promoters and signal peptides, deletion or replacement of viral genes for increasing protein secretion, integration of polycistronic expression cassette for producing protein complexes, and baculovirus pseudotyping, promoter accommodation or surface display for enhancing mammalian cell targeting gene delivery. This review summarizes the development and the current state of art of the baculovirus expression system. Further development of baculovirus expression systems will make them even more feasible and accessible for advanced applications.

Key words: Baculovirus, Protein expression, Promoters, Signal peptides, Gene delivery

Footnotes

Foundation items: The Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, (No.KSCX2-EW-G-8), the National Basic Research Program of China program (No. 2009CB118903).

References

  • 1.Airenne K. J., Hiltunen M. O., Turunen M. P., et al. Baculovirus-mediated periadventitial gene transfer to rabbit carotid artery. Gene Ther. 2000;7:1499–1504. doi: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301269. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Allet B., Bernard A. R., Hochmann A., et al. A bacterial signal peptide directs efficient secretion of eukaryotic proteins in the baculovirus expression system. Protein Expr Purif. 1997;9:61–68. doi: 10.1006/prep.1996.0675. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Altmann F., Staudacher E., Wilson I. B., et al. Insect cells as hosts for the expression of recombinant glycoproteins. Glycoconj J. 1999;16:109–123. doi: 10.1023/A:1026488408951. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Ayres M. D., Howard S. C., Kuzio J., et al. The complete DNA sequence of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Virology. 1994;202:586–605. doi: 10.1006/viro.1994.1380. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Barsoum J., Brown R., McKee M., et al. Efficient transduction of mammalian cells by a recombinant baculovirus having the vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein. Hum Gene Ther. 1997;8:2011–2018. doi: 10.1089/hum.1997.8.17-2011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Berger I., Fitzgerald D. J., Richmond T. J. Baculovirus expression system for heterologous multiprotein complexes. Nat Biotechnol. 2004;22:1583–1587. doi: 10.1038/nbt1036. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Bertolotti-Ciarlet A., Ciarlet M., Crawford S. E., et al. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of rotavirus 2/6-virus-like particles produced by a dual baculovirus expression vector and administered intramuscularly, intranasally, or orally to mice. Vaccine. 2003;21:3885–3900. doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(03)00308-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Boublik Y., Di Bonito P., Jones I. M. Eukaryotic virus display: engineering the major surface glycoprotein of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) for the presentation of foreign proteins on the virus surface. Biotechnology (N Y) 1995;13:1079–1084. doi: 10.1038/nbt1095-1079. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Boyce F. M., Bucher N. L. Baculovirus-mediated gene transfer into mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93:2348–2352. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.6.2348. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Bright R. A., Carter D. M., Daniluk S., et al. Influenza virus-like particles elicit broader immune responses than whole virion inactivated influenza virus or recombinant hemagglutinin. Vaccine. 2007;25:3871–3878. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.01.106. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Carbonell L. F., Klowden M. J., Miller L. K. Baculovirus-mediated expression of bacterial genes in dipteran and mammalian cells. J Virol. 1985;56:153–160. doi: 10.1128/jvi.56.1.153-160.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Carbonell L. F., Miller L. K. Baculovirus interaction with nontarget organisms: a virus-borne reporter gene is not expressed in two mammalian cell lines. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1987;53:1412–1417. doi: 10.1128/aem.53.7.1412-1417.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Chen Y., Yao B., Zhu Z., et al. A constitutive super-enhancer: homologous region 3 of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004;318:1039–1044. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.04.136. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Chen Y. J., Chen W. S., Wu T. Y. Development of a bi-cistronic baculovirus expression vector by the Rhopalosiphum padi virus 5′ internal ribosome entry site. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005;335:616–623. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.07.116. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Cheshenko N., Krougliak N., Eisensmith R. C., et al. A novel system for the production of fully deleted adenovirus vectors that does not require helper adenovirus. Gene Ther. 2001;8:846–854. doi: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301459. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Condreay J. P., Witherspoon S. M., Clay W. C., et al. Transient and stable gene expression in mammalian cells transduced with a recombinant baculovirus vector. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999;96:127–132. doi: 10.1073/pnas.96.1.127. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Ernst W., Schinko T., Spenger A., et al. Improving baculovirus transduction of mammalian cells by surface display of a RGD-motif. J Biotechnol. 2006;126:237–240. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.04.012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Fang M., Dai X., Theilmann D. A. Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus EXON0 (ORF141) is required for efficient egress of nucleocapsids from the nucleus. J Virol. 2007;81:9859–9869. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00588-07. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Furlong A. M., Thomsen D. R., Marotti K. R., et al. Active human tissue plasminogen activator secreted from insect cells using a baculovirus vector. Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 1988;10:454–464. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Futatsumori-Sugai M., Tsumoto K. Signal peptide design for improving recombinant protein secretion in the baculovirus expression vector system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010;391:931–935. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.11.167. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Gao H., Wang Y., Li N., et al. Efficient gene delivery into mammalian cells mediated by a recombinant baculovirus containing a whispovirus ie1 promoter, a novel shuttle promoter between insect cells and mammalian cells. J Biotechnol. 2007;131:138–143. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.06.002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Ge J., Huang Y., Hu X., et al. A surface-modified baculovirus vector with improved gene delivery to B-lymphocytic cells. J Biotechnol. 2007;129:367–372. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.01.037. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Ghosh S., Parvez M. K., Banerjee K., et al. Baculovirus as mammalian cell expression vector for gene therapy: an emerging strategy. Mol Ther. 2002;6:5–11. doi: 10.1006/mthe.2000.0643. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Gomi S., Majima K., Maeda S. Sequence analysis of the genome of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus. J Gen Virol. 1999;80(Pt5):1323–1337. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-80-5-1323. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Granados R. R., Federici B. A. The biology of baculoviruses. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1986. [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Groner A., Granados R. R., Burand J. P. Interaction of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus with two nonpermissive cell lines. Intervirology. 1984;21:203–209. doi: 10.1159/000149522. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Gronowski A. M., Hilbert D. M., Sheehan K. C., et al. Baculovirus stimulates antiviral effects in mammalian cells. J Virol. 1999;73:9944–9951. doi: 10.1128/jvi.73.12.9944-9951.1999. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Harrison R. L., Summers M. D. Mutations in the Autographa californica multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus 25 kDa protein gene result in reduced virion occlusion, altered intranuclear envelopment and enhanced virus production. J Gen Virol. 1995;76(Pt6):1451–1459. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-76-6-1451. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Hill-Perkins M. S., Possee R. D. A baculovirus expression vector derived from the basic protein promoter of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. J Gen Virol. 1990;71(Pt4):971–976. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-71-4-971. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Hitchman R. B., Possee R. D., Crombie A. T., et al. Genetic modification of a baculovirus vector for increased expression in insect cells. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2010;26:57–68. doi: 10.1007/s10565-009-9133-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31.Hitchman R. B., Possee R. D., Siaterli E., et al. Improved expression of secreted and membrane-targeted proteins in insect cells. Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 2010;56:85–93. doi: 10.1042/BA20090130. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32.Hiyoshi M., Kageshima A., Kato T., et al. Construction of a cysteine protease deficient Bombyx mori multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus bacmid and its application to improve expression of a fusion protein. J Virol Methods. 2007;144:91–97. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.04.005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33.Hofmann C., Sandig V., Jennings G., et al. Efficient gene transfer into human hepatocytes by baculovirus vectors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995;92:10099–10103. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.22.10099. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34.Hu Y C, Lin S Y, Chen G Y. 2011. Recent Patents on the Baculovirus Systems. Recent Pat Biotechnol. (Epub ahead of print) [DOI] [PubMed]
  • 35.Huser A., Rudolph M., Hofmann C. Incorporation of decay-accelerating factor into the baculovirus envelope generates complement-resistant gene transfer vectors. Nat Biotechnol. 2001;19:451–455. doi: 10.1038/88122. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 36.Ishiyama S., Ikeda M. High-level expression and improved folding of proteins by using the vp39 late promoter enhanced with homologous DNA regions. Biotechnol Lett. 2010;32:1637–1647. doi: 10.1007/s10529-010-0340-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 37.Jarvis D. L., Finn E. E. Modifying the insect cell N-glycosylation pathway with immediate early baculovirus expression vectors. Nat Biotechnol. 1996;14:1288–1292. doi: 10.1038/nbt1096-1288. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 38.Jarvis D. L., Fleming J. A., Kovacs G. R., et al. Use of early baculovirus promoters for continuous expression and efficient processing of foreign gene products in stably transformed lepidopteran cells. Biotechnology (N Y) 1990;8:950–955. doi: 10.1038/nbt1090-950. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 39.Jarvis D. L., Summers M. D. Glycosylation and secretion of human tissue plasminogen activator in recombinant baculovirus-infected insect cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1989;9:214–223. doi: 10.1128/mcb.9.1.214. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 40.Jarvis D. L., Summers M. D., Garcia A., et al. Influence of different signal peptides and prosequences on expression and secretion of human tissue plasminogen activator in the baculovirus system. J Biol Chem. 1993;268:16754–16762. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 41.Kaba S. A., Salcedo A. M., Wafula P. O., et al. Development of a chitinase and v-cathepsin negative bacmid for improved integrity of secreted recombinant proteins. J Virol Methods. 2004;122:113–118. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.07.006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 42.Kaikkonen M. U., Raty J. K., Airenne K. J., et al. Truncated vesicular stomatitis virus G protein improves baculovirus transduction efficiency in vitro and in vivo. Gene Ther. 2006;13:304–312. doi: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302657. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 43.Keil G. M., Klopfleisch C., Giesow K., et al. Novel vectors for simultaneous high-level dual protein expression in vertebrate and insect cells by recombinant baculoviruses. J Virol Methods. 2009;160:132–137. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.05.001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 44.King L. A., Kaur K., Mann S. G., et al. Secretion of single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator from insect cells. Gene. 1991;106:151–157. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(91)90194-G. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 45.Kost T. A., Condreay J. P. Recombinant baculoviruses as expression vectors for insect and mammalian cells. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 1999;10:428–433. doi: 10.1016/S0958-1669(99)00005-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 46.Kost T. A., Condreay J. P., Jarvis D. L. Baculovirus as versatile vectors for protein expression in insect and mammalian cells. Nat Biotechnol. 2005;23:567–575. doi: 10.1038/nbt1095. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 47.Li Y., Yang Y., Wang S. Neuronal gene transfer by baculovirus-derived vectors accommodating a neurone-specific promoter. Exp Physiol. 2005;90:39–44. doi: 10.1113/expphysiol.2004.028217. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 48.Lo H. R., Chou C. C., Wu T. Y., et al. Novel baculovirus DNA elements strongly stimulate activities of exogenous and endogenous promoters. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:5256–5264. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M108895200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 49.Luckow V. A., Lee S. C., Barry G. F., et al. Efficient generation of infectious recombinant baculoviruses by site-specific transposon-mediated insertion of foreign genes into a baculovirus genome propagated in Escherichia coli. J Virol. 1993;67:4566–4579. doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.8.4566-4579.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 50.Ma L., Tamarina N., Wang Y., et al. Baculovirus-mediated gene transfer into pancreatic islet cells. Diabetes. 2000;49:1986–1991. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.49.12.1986. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 51.Maeda S., Kawai T., Obinata M., et al. Production of human alpha-interferon in silkworm using a baculovirus vector. Nature. 1985;315:592–594. doi: 10.1038/315592a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 52.Mahmood K., Bright R. A., Mytle N., et al. H5N1 VLP vaccine induced protection in ferrets against lethal challenge with highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses. Vaccine. 2008;26:5393–5399. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.084. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 53.Matilainen H., Makela A. R., Riikonen R., et al. RGD motifs on the surface of baculovirus enhance transduction of human lung carcinoma cells. J Biotechnol. 2006;125:114–126. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.02.002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 54.Meyer T. H., van Endert P. M., Uebel S., et al. Functional expression and purification of the ABC transporter complex associated with antigen processing (TAP) in insect cells. FEBS Lett. 1994;351:443–447. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)00908-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 55.Miller L. K. Baculoviruses: high-level expression in insect cells. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 1993;3:97–101. doi: 10.1016/S0959-437X(05)80348-X. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 56.Mottershead D., van der Linden I., von Bonsdorff C. H., et al. Baculoviral display of the green fluorescent protein and rubella virus envelope proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997;238:717–722. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7372. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 57.Nakanishi T., Goto C., Kobayashi M., et al. Comparative studies of lepidopteran baculovirus-specific protein FP25K: development of a novel Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus-based vector with a modified fp25K gene. J Virol. 2010;84:5191–5200. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00099-10. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 58.Noad R. J., Stewart M., Boyce M., et al. Multigene expression of protein complexes by iterative modification of genomic Bacmid DNA. BMC Mol Biol. 2009;10:87. doi: 10.1186/1471-2199-10-87. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 59.Ojala K., Mottershead D. G., Suokko A., et al. Specific binding of baculoviruses displaying gp64 fusion proteins to mammalian cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001;284:777–784. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5048. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 60.Olczak M., Olczak T. Comparison of different signal peptides for protein secretion in nonlytic insect cell system. Anal Biochem. 2006;359:45–53. doi: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.09.003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 61.Pan Y., Zhao Q., Fang L., et al. Efficient gene delivery into mammalian cells by recombinant baculovirus containing a hybrid cytomegalovirus promoter/Semliki Forest virus replicon. J Gene Med. 2009;11:1030–1038. doi: 10.1002/jgm.1390. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 62.Park E. Y., Kageshima A., Kwon M. S., et al. Enhanced production of secretory beta1, 3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2 fusion protein into hemolymph of Bombyx mori larvae using recombinant BmNPV bacmid integrated signal sequence. J Biotechnol. 2007;129:681–688. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.01.028. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 63.Park S. W., Lee H. K., Kim T. G., et al. Hepatocyte-specific gene expression by baculovirus pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus envelope glycoprotein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001;289:444–450. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.6009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 64.Pieroni L., Maione D., La Monica N. In vivo gene transfer in mouse skeletal muscle mediated by baculovirus vectors. Hum Gene Ther. 2001;12:871–881. doi: 10.1089/104303401750195845. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 65.Possee R. D., Thomas C. J., King L. A. The use of baculovirus vectors for the production of membrane proteins in insect cells. Biochem Soc Trans. 1999;27:928–932. doi: 10.1042/bst0270928. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 66.Poul M. A., Cerutti M., Chaabihi H., et al. Cassette baculovirus vectors for the production of chimeric, humanized, or human antibodies in insect cells. Eur J Immunol. 1995;25:2005–2009. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830250731. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 67.Rasmussen L., Battles J. K., Ennis W. H., et al. Characterization of virus-like particles produced by a recombinant baculovirus containing the gag gene of the bovine immunodeficiency-like virus. Virology. 1990;178:435–451. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90341-N. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 68.Raty J. K., Airenne K. J., Marttila A. T., et al. Enhanced gene delivery by avidin-displaying baculovirus. Mol Ther. 2004;9:282–291. doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2003.11.004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 69.Rohrmann G. F. Baculovirus structural proteins. J Gen Virol. 1992;73(Pt4):749–761. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-73-4-749. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 70.Sarkis C., Serguera C., Petres S., et al. Efficient transduction of neural cells in vitro and in vivo by a baculovirus-derived vector. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97:14638–14643. doi: 10.1073/pnas.260472897. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 71.Shoji I., Aizaki H., Tani H., et al. Efficient gene transfer into various mammalian cells, including non-hepatic cells, by baculovirus vectors. J Gen Virol. 1997;78(Pt10):2657–2664. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-78-10-2657. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 72.Smith G. E. S. M. D., Fraser M. J. Production of human beta interferon in insect cells infected with a baculovirus expression vector. Mol Cell Biol. 1983;3:2156–2165. doi: 10.1128/mcb.3.12.2156. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 73.Suzuki T., Kanaya T., Okazaki H., et al. Efficient protein production using a Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus lacking the cysteine proteinase gene. J Gen Virol. 1997;78(Pt12):3073–3080. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-78-12-3073. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 74.Tessier D. C., Thomas D. Y., Khouri H. E., et al. Enhanced secretion from insect cells of a foreign protein fused to the honeybee melittin signal peptide. Gene. 1991;98:177–183. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(91)90171-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 75.Thiem S. M., Miller L. K. Differential gene expression mediated by late, very late and hybrid baculovirus promoters. Gene. 1990;91:87–94. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(90)90166-O. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 76.Thomas C. J., Brown H. L., Hawes C. R., et al. Localization of a baculovirus-induced chitinase in the insect cell endoplasmic reticulum. J Virol. 1998;72:10207–10212. doi: 10.1128/jvi.72.12.10207-10212.1998. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 77.Tiwari P., Saini S., Upmanyu S., et al. Enhanced expression of recombinant proteins utilizing a modified baculovirus expression vector. Mol Biotechnol. 2010;46:80–89. doi: 10.1007/s12033-010-9284-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 78.Tjia S. T., zu Altenschildesche G. M., Doerfler W. Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) DNA does not persist in mass cultures of mammalian cells. Virology. 1983;125:107–117. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(83)90067-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 79.Tomiya N., Betenbaugh M. J., Lee Y. C. Humanization of lepidopteran insect-cell-produced glycoproteins. Acc Chem Res. 2003;36:613–620. doi: 10.1021/ar020202v. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 80.van Oers M. M., Thomas A. A., Moormann R. J., et al. Secretory pathway limits the enhanced expression of classical swine fever virus E2 glycoprotein in insect cells. J Biotechnol. 2001;86:31–38. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1656(00)00403-X. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 81.Venkaiah B., Viswanathan P., Habib S., et al. An additional copy of the homologous region (hr1) sequence in the Autographa californica multinucleocapsid polyhedrosis virus genome promotes hyperexpression of foreign genes. Biochemistry. 2004;43:8143–8151. doi: 10.1021/bi049953q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 82.Viswanathan P., Venkaiah B., Kumar M. S., et al. The homologous region sequence (hr1) of Autographa californica multinucleocapsid polyhedrosis virus can enhance transcription from non-baculoviral promoters in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:52564–52571. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M309351200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 83.Vlak J. M., Klinkenberg F. A., Zaal K. J., et al. Functional studies on the p10 gene of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus using a recombinant expressing a p10-beta-galactosidase fusion gene. J Gen Virol. 1988;69(Pt4):765–776. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-69-4-765. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Virologica Sinica are provided here courtesy of Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

RESOURCES