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. 2021 Jun 10;37:107214. doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.107214

Collagen stable isotope data from East and Northeast Asia, c. 7000 BC–1000 AD

Christina Cheung a,b,⁎
PMCID: PMC8220175  PMID: 34189203

Abstract

Stable isotope analysis is routinely used in archaeology to answer questions related to past diets. As the technique matures, data from archaeological sites have been generated at an exponential rate over the past several decades, thus provided an invaluable opportunity to examine past dietary practices and subsistence economies in much larger geographical and temporal settings. In Asia, a significant proportion of isotopic data is published in non-English journals or in grey literature, therefore remains largely inaccessible to general researchers. In order to provide easier access to these data, and to encourage future large-scale meta-data analyses in Asia, this collection presents the most comprehensive set of collagen stable isotope data of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur from East and Northeast Asia (29–51˚N, 96–136˚ E) to date, including sites located within the modern territories of the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, the Russian Federation, and the Republic of Korea. Using academic search engines such as Google Scholar, the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and ScienceON, a total of 3,304 previously published archaeological human and faunal stable isotope data from 136 archaeological sites in East and Northeast Asia, spanning over a period of 8,000 years (c. 7000 BC to AD 1000) are collected. The collated data are deposited on the open-access platform IsoArcH (https://isoarch.eu/) for any interested parties to use.

Keywords: Stable isotope analysis, Collagen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Palaeodiet, Subsistence economy

Specifications Table

Subject Social Sciences – Archaeology
Specific subject area Stable isotope analysis
Collagen (bone and dentine)
Carbon
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Palaeodiet
Subsistence economy
Archaeology
Anthropology
Type of data Table
Figure
How data were acquired Collated from published articles, dissertations/theses, and book chapters.
Data format Raw
Parameters for data collection This compilation only includes data that are reported alongside atomic C/N ratios. For those that are published along with any additional collagen quality control (QC) criteria, only those that has passed the conventional criteria are included: %C between 15.3% and 47%; %N between 5.5% and 17.3%; and atomic C/N ratio between 2.9 and 3.6 [1], [2], [3], [4]. Sulfur isotope data are not screened, and are included with %S, C/S, and N/S ratios as reported (please refer to the main text for more discussion on the QC for sulfur isotope measurements).
Description of data collection A systematic literature review was conducted using Google Scholar, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and ScienceON, focusing on reports published before December 2019.
Data source location This collection of data is consisted of a total of 3,304 previously published human and faunal collagen (bone and dentine) stable carbon and nitrogen isotope data (δ13C and δ15N) from archaeological sites (n = 136) located between 29–51˚N, 96–136˚ E. The area covers parts of the modern territories of the People's Republic of China (PRC), Mongolia, the Russian Federation, and the Republic of Korea. Coordinates of the sites are provided in Table 1, reported in the geodetic reference system WGS 84. In addition, 249 corroborating stable sulfur isotope data (δ34S) from 15 sites are also included. All sites are dated between 7000 BC to AD 1000.
For details of primary data sources please refer to Table 1 below.
Data accessibility The dataset is deposited in IsoArcH (www.isoarch.eu) [5] with the following digital object identifier (DOI): https://doi.org/10.48530/isoarch.2021.001
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Value of the Data

  • •

    Numerous studies have shown that meta-analyses of stable isotopic data can help connect between past human subsistence patterns and larger social issues such as long-distance trading networks, socio-political transitions, and climatic/environmental changes [6], [7], [8], [9], [10]. These patterns are usually hidden in smaller scale studies, and are only revealed when sample sizes are large enough.

  • •

    Stable isotope analysis has been increasingly applied in archaeological research in Asia, however, many data are being published in non-English journals or grey literature. In order to help make these data more accessible, this collection brings together stable isotopic data from 136 archaeological sites across East and Northeast Asia.

  • •

    The area in concern is chosen specifically to help better understand the spread and effect of agriculture in Northeast Asia. All sites concerned are dated from the early Neolithic to later historical periods (c. 7000 BC–1000 AD), covering key dates concerning major changes in subsistence economies in the region, including the origin of agriculture, and the subsequent spread of millet (westward), rice (northward), and wheat (eastward) across the continent.

  • •

    Sometimes, subsets of stable isotope data from the same site are published in separate reports. This is especially common in larger sites, such as Yinxu. However, smaller data subsets can be overlooked in larger studies of the site/region. Here, effort has been made to ensure data from the same sites are organized together so that all associated data can be located easily.

  • •

    This collection is consisting of data coming from sites located within the modern territories of four countries, none of which's official language is English. Therefore, site names and bibliographic information are provided in both the local language as well as English, whenever possible/necessary. This shall allow users to locate these sites/original references easier, should the need arise.

  • •

    The data are curated carefully. All δ13C and δ15N values that are not published with conventional quality control (QC) criteria, or have failed these criteria, are excluded. This is to ensure that the data are reliable and directly comparable. As the QC for δ34S is less well established, all S isotope measurements are included as reported.

1. Data Description

This collection is consisted of a total of 3,304 entries of stable carbon and nitrogen isotope data, of which 3,224 (2,343 human, 881 fauna) come from unique individuals, with additional 249 entries of stable sulfur isotope data from 241 (190 human, 51 fauna) unique individuals. Multi-tissue measurements are available from 80 individuals. All stable carbon and nitrogen isotope data come from 136 archaeological sites, where 15 sites also have corroborating stable sulfur isotope data (Fig. 1). An interactive map showing the locations of all sites is also available on IsoArcH (https://database.isoarch.eu/map.php). The dataset is deposited in IsoArcH [5] under the following DOI: https://doi.org/10.48530/isoarch.2021.001. Table 1 provides a summary of all the sites involved, describing the locations, archaeological cultures and time periods, and numbers of human and/or faunal samples from each respective site. All stable carbon and nitrogen isotope data included in this collection have passed all accompanied collagen QC criteria. For most sites, the excluded data only constituted a small portion of the total data reported. However, data from a number of sites are entirely excluded, please see Table 2 for more information. As the QC for δ34S is less well established, all S isotope measurements are included as reported.

Fig. 1.

Fig 1

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Map showing all sites included in this collection. A key to site IDs is provided in Table 1. The black star indicates the location of Nanzhuangtou, the site with the earliest evidence of domesticated crop in Northeast Asia (no isotope data is available from this site). Modern geopolitical borders included for reference.

Table 1.

Site ID, names, references, cultural phases and time periods, coordinates (latitudes and longitudes), elevations, general description of geographic zones, and numbers of δ13C and δ15N data from all sites included in the database. Bracketed numbers are the number of samples with corroborating δ34S values. Site ID corresponds to the numbers shown on Fig. 1. * indicates that the faunal assemblage is not contemporaneous with the human assemblage.

Total number
of data
Site ID Site Local name Location (modern reference) Time period/culture Latitude Longitude Altitude (m.a.s.l.) Geographic zones Human Faunal
1 Zongri [11] 宗日 Qinghai, PRC 2200-1800 BC/Zongri Culture 33.552134 96.380682 4242 Tibetan Plateau 24
2 Huoshaogou [7] 火燒溝 Gansu, PRC 1900 - 1300 BC/Siba Culture 39.960279 97.655051 1761 Hexi Corridor 30
3 Ganguya [7] 乾骨崖 Gansu, PRC 1350-950 BC/Siba Culture 39.382711 98.856553 1827 Hexi Corridor 30 12*
4 Huoshiliang [12] 火石梁 Gansu, PRC 2135-1682 BC*/Siba Culture 40.26 99.305 1195 Hexi Corridor 2 18
5 Wuba [7] 五壩 Gansu, PRC 2490-1950 BC/Banshan – Machang Cultures 39.380785 99.890372 1360 Hexi Corridor 55
6 Xichengyi [13] 西城驛 Gansu, PRC 4100-3600 BC/Machang – Siba Cultures 39.014436 100.365415 1460 Hexi Corridor 4 4
7 Hupo [14] 護坡 Gansu, PRC 2234-2094BC*/Banshan – Machang Cultures 36.4 102 2512 Hexi Corridor 6
8 Sanheyi [14] 三合乙 Gansu, PRC 1961-1881 BC/Qijia Culture 36.4 102 2512 Hexi Corridor 5
9 Wenbuju [15] 文卜具 Qinghai, PRC ca. 2000 BC/Majiayao Culture 36 102 2000 Hexi Corridor 1
10 Lajigai [14] 拉吉蓋 Gansu, PRC 1328-1082 BC*/Kayue Culture 36 102.3 2382 Hexi Corridor 5
11 Lajia [16] 喇家 Qinghai, PRC 2300-1600 BC/Qijia Culture 35.8543 102.8278 1760 Linxia Basin 4
12 Xiahaishi [17,18] 下海石 Gansu, PRC 1920-1800 BC*/Machang Culture 36.344608 102.856376 1771 Hexi Corridor 14
(4)		 9
13 Mozuizi [7,15] 磨嘴子 Gansu, PRC 2350-2000 BC/Machang Culture 37.801425 102.86876 1599 Hexi Corridor 16
14 Lianhuatai [18] 蓮花台 Gansu, PRC 1470-1080 BC/Xindian Culture 35.769601 103.165769 1757 Hexi Corridor 6
(2)
15 Mogou [7,14] 磨溝 Gansu, PRC 1750-1100 BC/Qijia – Siwa Cultures 34.977773 103.780975 2348 Wei River valley 85
16 Zhanqi [7,18] 占旗 Gansu, PRC 1100-950 BC/Siwa Culture 34.714335 103.844992 2263 Wei River valley 45
(8)		 2
(1)
17 Qijiaping [19] 齊家坪 Gansu, PRC 1515-1264 BC/Qijia Culture 35.887345 104.062574 2037 Hexi Corridor 42 19
18 Buziping [17] 堡子坪 Gansu, PRC 2126-1744 BC/Qijia Culture 35.4 104.5 2298 Hexi Corridor 1 7
19 Buzishan [17] 堡子山 Gansu, PRC 2126-1744 BC/Qijia Culture 35.4 104.5 2298 Hexi Corridor 1 5
20 Maojiaping [20] 毛家坪 Gansu, PRC 1046-221 BC/Western and Eastern Zhou 34.756619 105.099274 1380 Hexi Corridor 51
21 Bayanbulag [21] Баянбулаг Umnugovi, Mongolia 365 - 107 BC/Pre-Han 42.6 105.175 1246 Steppe 15
22 Lixian [22] 禮縣 Gansu, PRC 2832-2470 BC/ Longshan Culture; 803-543 BC/Zhou; AD 1027-1201 Song Dynasty 34.189345 105.17864 1414 Wei River Valley 3
23 Xishan [23] 西山 Gansu, PRC 475-221 BC/Western Zhou to Warring States 34.192296 105.183033 1414 Hexi Corridor 19
24 Dadiwan [24] 大地灣 Gansu, PRC 4500-2900 BC/ Yangshao Culture 35.01948 105.92631 1585 Wei River Valley 5
25 Baga Gazaryn Chuluu [25] Бага Газарын Чулуу Dundgovi, Mongolia 2000-500 BC/Bronze Age; 1000-400 BC/Iron Age; 300 BC-AD 200/Xiongnu; AD 600-800/Turkic; AD 1200-1400/Mongol 46.2034 106.0299 1584 Desert 38 14*
26 Jianhe [23] 建河 Shaanxi, PRC 480-221 BC/Warring States period 34.515439 106.364578 964 Wei River valley 14
27 Fenggeling [22] 鳳閣嶺 Shaanxi, PRC 533-361 BC/Eastern Zhou 34.529939 106.44783 903 Wei River Valley 4
28 Nalin Taohai [26] 納林套海 Inner Mongolia, PRC 202 BC- 8 AD/Western Han 40.487159 106.6411 1042 Desert 6
29 Shigushan [18] 石鼓山 Shaanxi, PRC 1200-1000 BC/Predynastic Zhou to early Western Zhou 34.343362 107.190987 607 Wei River valley 1
(1)
30 Sunjianantou [27] 孫家南頭 Shaanxi, PRC 770-221 BC/Eastern Zhou 34.472717 107.24411 686 Wei River valley 25
31 Zhouyuan [18,23] 周原 Shaanxi, PRC 1200-1000 BC/Predynastic Zhou to early Western Zhou 34.486595 107.602417 774 Wei River valley 20
(5)
32 Zhanguo [22] Shaanxi, PRC 511-376 BC/Eastern Zhou 34.296124 107.96717 541 Wei River Valley 1
33 Xunyi [22] 旬邑 Shaanxi, PRC 2447-2034 BC/Longshan Culture 35.107672 108.332886 976 Wei River Valley 3
34 Jichang [28] 機場 Shaanxi, PRC AD 25-220/Eastern Han 34.429958 108.738685 488 Wei River valley 30
(27)		 1
(1)
35 Guanzhong Prison [29] 關中監獄 Shaanxi, PRC 475-221 BC/Warring States 34.360057 108.752309 378 Wei River valley 25
36 Yuhuazhai [22] 魚化寨 Shaanxi, PRC 3779-3347 BC/Yangshao Culture 34.233445 108.860317 406 Wei River Valley 2
37 Guandao [28] 官道 Shaanxi, PRC 141 BC-AD 220/Mid-Western Han to Eastern Han 34.752401 108.90653 629 Wei River valley 5
(5)		 1
(1)
38 Guangming [28] 光明 Shaanxi, PRC 141 BC-AD 24/Western Han 34.440213 108.976327 405 Wei River valley 7
(7)		 2
(2)
39 Dongying [30] 東營 Shaanxi, PRC 2600-2000 BC/Kexingzhuang II 34.44333 109.0153 374 Wei River valley 5 28*
40 Banpo [31] 半坡 Shaanxi, PRC 4800-4300 BC/Banpo Culture 34.2729 109.053402 421 Wei River valley 1
41 Lintong [22] 臨潼 Shaanxi, PRC 391-4 BC/Eastern Zhou to Western Han; AD 426-585 Six Dynasties 34.3673 109.21376 471 Wei River Valley 3
42 Jiangzhai [31,32] 姜寨 Shaanxi, PRC 4900-4000BC/Banpo and Shijia Cultures 34.377858 109.218143 446 Wei River valley 20
43 Shijia [31] 史家 Shaanxi, PRC 4300-4000 BC/Shijia Culture 34.725018 109.357346 384 Wei River valley 9
44 Baijia [33] 白家 Shaanxi, PRC 5709-5389 BC*/Laoguantai Culture 34.55209 109.4107 350 Wei River valley 1 21
45 Beiliu [34] 北劉 Shaanxi, PRC 6000-5000 BC/Laoguantai and 4000-3500 BC/Miaodigou cultures 34.374866 109.555338 583 Wei River valley 9
46 Shengedaliang [35] 神圪墶梁 Shaanxi, PRC 1825-1615 BC/Yongxingdian-Dakou II culture 38.63355 109.93335 1220 Ordos Plateau 28 25
47 Muzhuzhuliang [36] 木柱柱樑 Shaanxi, PRC 1950-1780 BC/ Late Longshan Culture 38.639179 110.043702 1164 Ordos Plateau 8
48 Xinhua [22] Shaanxi, PRC 2014-1770 BC/Longshan Culture 38.734138 110.099833 1156 Ordos Plateau 1
49 Zhukaigou [22] 朱開溝 Inner Mongolia, PRC 2195-1696 BC/ Longshan Culture 39.644967 110.432119 1338 Ordos Plateau 2
50 Shimao [22] 石峁 Shaanxi, PRC 2107-1746 BC/ Shimao Culture 39.064226 110.453179 1124 Ordos Plateau 4
51 Liangdaicun [23,37] 梁帶村 Shaanxi, PRC 1200-1000 BC/Western Zhou to Spring-Autumn 35.507316 110.502839 366 Wei River valley 30
52 Neiyangyuan [38] 內陽垣 Shanxi, PRC 770-476 BC/Xia and Spring-Autumn 35.98988 110.785445 1079 Lüliang Mountains 23
53 Xipo [39] 西坡 Henan, PRC 3300-3000 BC/Yangshao Culture 34.35444 110.846353 871 Wei River valley 30 3*
54 Qinglongquan [40], [41], [42] 青龍泉 Hubei, PRC 3500-3000 BC/Yangshao,
3000-2600 BC/Qujialing and 2600-2200 BC/Shijiahe Cultures, 770-221 BC/Eastern Zhou		 32.83979 110.851701 189 North China Plain 36
(26)		 36
(32)
55 Qiangliang Temple [43] 清涼寺 Shanxi, PRC 3300-3000 BC/Miaodigou and 2300-1800BC/Longshan cultures 34.76158 110.894048 532 Yellow River valley 27
56 Dakou [22] 大口 Inner Mongolia, PRC 2339-2041 BC/Longshan Culture 39.403118 111.136222 852 Ordos Plateau 2
57 Xiazhai [44] 下寨 Henan, PRC 2600-2000 BC/Longshan Culture 33.011159 111.273355 171 North China Plain 22
58 Shenmingpu [45] 申明鋪 Henan, PRC 480-221 BC/Warring States and 220 BC-220 AD/the Han Dynasties 33.002771 111.303279 166 North China Plain 32 9
59 Gouwan [46] 溝灣 Henan, PRC 5000-3500 BC/Yangshao and 3000-2600 BC/Qujialing Cultures 33.078699 111.47917 176 North China Plain 41
60 Tuchengzi [47] 土城子 Inner Mongolia, PRC 475-221 BC/Warring States 40.441392 111.800105 1150 Loess Plateau 17
61 Xindianzi [48] 新店子 Inner Mongolia, PRC 770-221 BC/Eastern Zhou 40.241491 112.07507 1190 Loess Plateau 20
62 Dabaoshan [49] 大堡山 Inner Mongolia, PRC 410-180 BC/Late Warring States 40.228893 112.157243 1228 Loess Plateau 41
63 Xinhuacun [22] 杏花村 Shanxi, PRC 2337-2050 BC/Longshan Culture 37.808167 112.311249 1661 Lüliang Mountains 2
64 Zhonggou [50] 中溝 Henan, PRC 3010-2921 BC/Late Yangshao Culture 34.7 112.4 167 Luoyang Basin 26 5
65 Wanggedang [50] 王圪壋 Henan, PRC 2500-1750 BC/Late Longshan to early Erlitou Culture 34.63333 112.46667 140 Luoyang Basin 14 17
66 Xiaonanzhuang [51] 小南莊 Shanxi, PRC 770-221 BC/Eastern Zhou 37.7515 112.725311 828 Jinzhong Basin 16
67 Neidan [52] 聶店 Shanxi, PRC 2070-1600 BC/Xia Dynasty 37.751272 112.741538 855 Taihang Mountains 60
68 Meishan [44] 煤山 Henan, PRC 2600-2000 BC/Longshan Culture 34.175594 112.832212 219 North China Plain 4
69 Tunliu Yuwu [53] 屯留余吾 Shanxi, PRC 480-221 BC/Warring States and 220 BC-220 AD/the Han Dynasties 36.376475 112.843458 964 Taihang Mountains 21
70 Sandaowan [54] 三道灣 Inner Mongolia, PRC AD 120-386/Eastern Han 41.710605 113.102828 1485 Ulanqab grassland 2
71 Huhewusu [55] 呼和烏素 Inner Mongolia, PRC 206 BC - AD 9/Western Han 40.737092 113.134797 1361 Hill/Plateau 5
72 Chenjiagou [56] 陳家溝 Henan, PRC 770-221 BC/Eastern Zhou 34.939501 113.149566 103 North China Plain 39
73 Xuecun [56] 薛村 Henan, PRC 141 BC-220 AD/Western and Eastern Han 34.865228 113.238266 141 North China Plain 53
74 Huayu Square [57] 華宇廣場 Shanxi, PRC ~AD 534/Late Northern Wei 40.06092 113.292698 1052 Datong Basin 16
75 Dongxin Square [57] 東信廣場 Shanxi, PRC ~AD 398/Early Northern Wei 40.055731 113.299989 1053 Datong Basin 26
76 Nanjiao [58] 南郊 Shanxi, PRC AD 386-534/ Northern Wei 40.050959 113.304452 1053 Datong Basin 42 29
77 Yuchang Jiayuan [57] 御昌佳園 Shanxi, PRC ~AD 439/Middle Northern Wei 40.077464 113.347343 1047 Datong Basin 21
78 Miaozigou [59] 廟子溝 Inner Mongolia, PRC ~3500 BC/Miaozhigou Culture 40.766093 113.347685 422 Hill/Plateau 9
79 Guanzhuang [60] 官莊 Henan, PRC 1045-476 BC/ Late Western Zhou to Mid Spring Autumn Period 34.854892 113.37718 127 North China Plain 21
80 Wadian [61] 瓦店 Henan, PRC 2200-1900 BC/Longshan Culture 34.18744 113.4049 130 North China Plain 12 38
81 Yangdi [56] 陽翟 Henan, PRC 770-221 BC/Eastern Zhou 33.866937 113.446075 85 North China Plain 5
82 Jiazhuang [44] 賈莊 Henan, PRC 2600-2000 BC/Longshan Culture 33.809822 113.508243 82 North China Plain 1
83 Jiahu [62] 賈湖 Henan, PRC 7000-6200 BC/Jiahu Culture 33.612622 113.667383 70 North China Plain 9
84 Tianli [9,63] 天利 Henan, PRC 770-256 BC/ Eastern Zhou 34.368713 113.736025 114 North China Plain 13
85 Xinzheng City [56] 新鄭市 Henan, PRC 1046-221 BC/Western and Eastern Zhou 34.396609 113.753075 107 North China Plain 75
86 Laodaojing [64] 老道井 Henan, PRC 476-221 BC/Warring States 35.4065 113.913412 106 North China Plain 24
87 Bagou [54] 叭溝 Inner Mongolia, PRC AD 120-386/Eastern Han 40.951547 113.937875 1576 Ulanqab grassland 5
88 Haojiatai [44] 郝家台 Henan, PRC 2600-2000 BC/Longshan Culture 33.592542 114.031276 64 North China Plain 11
89 Liuzhuang [65] 劉莊 Henan, PRC 1750-1600 BC/Proto-Shang 35.605103 114.132122 98 North China Plain 21
90 Songzhuang [63] 宋莊 Henan, PRC 770-220 BC/Eastern Zhou 35.562036 114.244393 69 North China Plain 48
91 Jiangjialiang [66] 姜家梁 Hebei, PRC 3300-3000 VC/Xiaoheyan Culture 40.2 114.283333 1347 Yongding River Basin 25
92 Yinxu [18,[67], [68], [69], [70] 殷墟 Henan, PRC 1250 - 1046 BC/Late Shang Dynasty 36.13944 114.3031 82 North China Plain 142
(71)		 120
(9)
93 Gu'an [71] 固岸 Henan, PRC AD 534-550/Eastern Wei to AD 550-577/ Northern Qi 36.229459 114.311262 91 North China Plain 4
94 Nancheng [72] 南城 Hebei, PRC 2000-1600 BC/Proto-Shang 36.50347 114.375754 81 North China Plain 75
(20)
95 Pingliangtai [44] 平糧台 Henan, PRC 2600-2000 BC/Longshan Culture 33.683665 114.907931 44 North China Plain 8
96 Liujiazhuang [73] 劉家莊 Shandong, PRC 1086-919 BC/Shang Dynasty 36.421557 116.838755 142 North China Plain 20
97 Xiaojingshan [74] 小荊山 Shandong, PRC 6060-5750 BC/Houli Culture 36.496515 116.844681 67 North China Plain 10
98 Oupan kiln [75] 歐盤窯 Anhui, PRC AD 534-644/Sui-Tang Dynasty 34.137875 117.054959 36 North China Plain 1
99 Dawenkou [76] 大汶口 Shandong, PRC 3700-2450 BC/Dawenkou Culture 35.939856 117.09958 97 North China Plain 26 24
100 Xigongqiao [77] 西公橋 Shandong, PRC 3000-2500 BC/Dawenkou Culture 34.937363 117.23151 53 North China Plain 3
101 Houjiazhai [78] 候家寨 Anhui, PRC 5350-3250 BC/Houjiazhai Culture 32.517778 117.272222 33 Jianghuai Plain 52
102 Zhalainuoer [79] 扎賚諾爾 Inner Mongolia, PRC 220 BC-150 AD/Eastern Han 49.451343 117.750787 543 Steppe 1
(1)		 1
(1)
103 Liangwangcheng [80] 梁王城 Jiangsu, PRC 3000-2500BC/Dawenkou Culture 34.505537 117.793111 26 North China Plain 27 12
104 Jinggouzi [81] 井溝子 Inner Mongolia, PRC 650-350 BC/Jinggouzi Culture 43.382352 118.250093 1030 Inner Mongolian Plateau 10
105 Boyangcheng [82] 薄陽城 Anhui, PRC 1122-771 BC/Western Zhou 32.200878 118.295896 39 Yangtze River Delta 39 29
106 Dashanqian [83] 大山前 Inner Mongolia, PRC 800-300 BC/Upper Xiajiadian 42.203063 118.81785 694 Yan Mountains 9
107 Junzhuang [84] 軍莊 Jiangsu, PRC 206 BC-25 AD/Western Han 32.947137 118.886298 23 Jianghuai Plain 9
108 Sanxingcun [85] 三星村 Jiangsu, PRC 4500-3500 BC/Sanxingcun Culture 31.681159 119.493831 5 Yangtze River Delta 18
109 Dongwuzhuer [79] 東烏珠爾 Inner Mongolia, PRC 222 BC-150 AD/Eastern Han 49.23139 119.70473 627 Steppe 4
(4)		 4
(4)
110 Tuanjie [79] 團結 Inner Mongolia, PRC 221 BC-150 AD/Eastern Han 49.228 119.80145 641 Steppe 1
(1)		 1
(1)
111 Beiqian [86,87] 北遷 Shangdong, PRC 4100-3500 BC/Dawenkou Culture and 1046-256 BC/Zhou Dynasty 36.600228 120.740882 33 North China Plain 42 32
112 Lamadong [88] 喇嘛洞 Liaoning, PRC 300-450 AD/Sanyan Culture 41.800152 120.770245 220 Highland 20
113 Tianluoshan [89] 田螺山 Zhejiang, PRC 5050-3050 BC/ Hemudu Culture 30.036505 121.400808 49 Yangtze River Delta 9 33
114 Tashan [90] 塔山 Zhejiang, PRC 3950-2250 BC/Liangzhu Culture 29.478818 121.883833 5 Yangtze River Delta 1 6
115 Tianrui Cement Plant [91] 天瑞水泥廠 Liaoning, PRC 220 BC-220 AD/the Han Dynasties 40.275651 122.197996 20 Coastal 12 6
116 Xiaozhushan [92] 小珠山 Liaoning, PRC 4750-2150 BC/Xiaozhushan Culture 39.187535 122.359547 27 Island 81
117 Tuerji Mountain Tomb [93] 吐爾基山遼墓 Inner Mongolia, PRC AD 916-1125/ Liao Dynasty 43.652 122.8376 166 Sanhe Plain 1
118 Shuangta [94] 雙塔 Jilin, PRC 4500-4000 BC/Huangjia Weizi Culture 45.3946 122.95867 153 Horqin Grassland 5
119 Daejuk-ri [95] 대죽리 Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea 2500-1900 BC/Late Chulmun 37.003235 126.401251 12 Coastal 1
120 Gonam-ri [96] 고남리 Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea 2100-1100 BC/Late Chulmun 36.416 126.41 6 Coastal 1
121 Yeongdong-ri [97] 영동리 Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea AD 300-600/Baekje Period 35.003 126.64 7 Naju Plain 9
122 Pungnap Toseong Fotress [98] 풍납 토성 Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea 18 BC-AD 475/Baekje Period 37.538214 127.122025 20 Han River Plain 17
123 Ando [95] 안도 Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea 6000-5000 BC/Incipient Chulmun 34.488231 127.810068 70 Island 5 8
124 Troitskiy Cemetery [99] Трóицкое кладбище Amur Oblast, Russian Federation AD 698-926/Balhae 50.740585 127.933789 138 Amur-Zeya Plain 4
125 Neukdo [100] 늑도 Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea 550-300 BC/Late Mumun to 300 BC-AD 1 /early Iron Age 34.924232 128.034867 18 Island 48 45
126 Sunheung Mural Tomb [101] 순흥 벽화 고분 Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea AD 300-688/ Three Kingdoms Period 36.912756 128.565621 233 Jungnyeong Mountain 7
(7)
127 Janghang [102] 장항 Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea Early Neolithic 35.057563 128.80703 6 Island 10
128 Yean-ri [103] 예안리 Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea AD 300-688/ Gaya Culture 35.259 128.955 181 Hill 109
129 Daepo [104] 대포 Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea 5000-4400 BP/Early Chulmun 35.259 128.955 181 Island 5
130 Dongsam-dong [105] 동삼동 Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea 3500-2000 BC/Middle Chulmun 35.07113 129.079751 5 Island 1 20
131 Dongnae Paechong [106] 동래 패총 Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea AD 21-337 35.205 129.082 10 Coastal 1 16
132 Gyeongju [107] 경주 Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea 57 BC-AD 935/ Silla Kingdom 35.82748 129.21327 39 Gyeongju Basin 1
133 Donggung palace and Wolji pond [108] 동궁과 월지 3호 Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea AD 856-1025/ 35.834747 129.226382 56 Gyeongju Basin 4
134 Boisman 2 [109] Бойсмана-2 Primorye, Russian Federation 4500-2700 BC/Boisman Culture 42.783333 131.28333 0 Coastal 10
135 Cherepakha 13 [110] Черепаха-13 Primorye, Russian Federation 1410-930 BC/Yankovsky Culture 43.283333 132.3 0 Coastal 11
136 Chertovy Vorota [109] Чертовые ворота Primorye, Russian Federation 4800-3900 BC 44.483333 135.5 371 Khanka Lowlands 2
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Table 2.

Summary of sites that are entirely excluded, listed in chronologically order.

Site Local name Location (modern reference) Period/Culture Excluded reason Note
Xinglongwa [111] 興隆漥 Inner Mongolia, PRC c. 6200-5400 BC/Xinlongwa Culture; 4700-2900BC/Hongshan Culture; 2200-1600 BC/Lower Xiajiadian Culture Collagen QC not provided
Beishouling [112] 北首嶺 Shaanxi, PRC c. 5100-3790 BC/ Yangshao Culture Collagen QC not provided
Xiaowu [113] 曉塢 Henen, PRC c. 5000-3000 BC/ Yangshao Culture Collagen QC not provided
Xipo [114] 西坡 Shaanxi, PRC c. 5000-3000 BC/Yangshao Culture Collagen QC not provided
Xishan [114] 西山 Henan, PRC c. 5000-3000 BC/ Yangshao Culture Collagen QC not provided
Yuhuazhai [114] 魚化寨 Henen, PRC c. 5000-3000 BC/Yangshao Culture Collagen QC not provided
Banpo [112] 半坡 Shaanxi, PRC c. 4800-3300 BC/Banpo Culture Collagen QC not provided
Guanjia [115] 關家 Henan, PRC c. 4000-3500 BC/ Middle Yangshao Raw data not provided in report Raw data provided in Liu et al., [116].
Songze [111] 崧澤 Shanghai, PRC c. 4000-3300 BC/Songze Culture Collagen QC not provided
Changdao Beizhuang [111] 長島北莊 Shandong, PRC c. 4000-1900 BC/Dawenkou Culture Collagen QC not provided
Lingyanghe [112] 凌陽河 Shandong, PRC c. 4000-1900 BC/Dawenkou Culture Collagen QC not provided
Qixia Guzhendu [111] 栖霞古鎮 Shanxi, PRC c. 4000-1900 BC/Dawenkou Culture Collagen QC not provided
Baishicun [112] 白石村 Shandong, PRC c. 3900-3400 BC/ Baishicun Culture Collagen QC not provided
Guchengzhai [114] 古城寨 Henen, PRC c. 3000-1900 BC/Longshan Culture Collagen QC not provided
Hemudu [111] 河姆渡 Zhejijang, PRC c. 3000-1000 BC/Hemudu Culture Collagen QC not provided
Wadian [114] 瓦店 Henen, PRC c. 3000-1900 BC/Longshan Culture Collagen QC not provided
Xinzhai [117] 新砦 Henen, PRC c. 3000-1900 BC/Longshan Culture; 1870-1720 BC/Xinzhai Culture; 1750-1530 BC/Erlitou Culture All C/N ratios fall outside of acceptable threshold.
Huxizhuang [112] 滸西莊 Shaanxi, PRC c. 2700-2400 BC/ Miaodigou Culture Collagen QC not provided
Taosi [112,118] 陶寺 Shanxi, PRC c. 2300-1900 BC/Taosi Culture Collagen QC not provided
Guojiashan [119] 郭家山 Gansu, PRC 2463-1525 BC/Machang Culture Elemental concentrations too high
Qipanshan [119] 棋盤山 Gansu, PRC 2194-2034 BC/Machang Culture Elemental concentrations too high
Shuikou [119] 水口 Gansu, PRC 2192-1982 BC/Machang Culture Elemental concentrations too high
Xihuishan [119] 西灰山 Gansu, PRC 1915-1531 BC/Siba Culture Elemental concentrations too high
Yichuan Nanzhai [111] 伊川南寨 Henen, PRC c. 1900-1500 BC/Erlitou Culture Collagen QC not provided
Lijiageleng [119] 李家圪楞 Gansu, PRC 1860-1638 BC/Qijia Culture Elemental concentrations too high
Erlitou [118,120] 二里頭 Henen, PRC c. 1750-1500 BC/ Erlitou Culture Collagen QC not provided
Yanshi Shangcheng [111] 偃師商城 Henen, PRC c. 1600-1400 BC/ Early Shang Collagen QC not provided
Dadunwan [119] 大墩灣 Gansu, PRC 1495-1268 BC/Siba Culture Elemental concentrations too high
Tuba [119] 土壩 Gansu, PRC 1218-1056 BC/Dongjiatai Culture Elemental concentrations too high
Yinxu [121] 殷墟 Henen, PRC c. 1250-1046 BC/ Late Shang Collagen QC not provided Sacrificial victims from M54
Yinxu [111] 殷墟 Context not specified
Qianzhangda [122] 前掌大 Shandong, PRC c. 1200-800 BC/Late Shang to early Zhou Collagen QC not provided
Liulihe [111] 琉璃河 Beijing, PRC c. 1045-771 BC/Western Zhou Collagen QC not provided
Xujianian [112] 徐家碾 Gansu, PRC c. 1000-700 BC/Siwa Culture Collagen QC not provided
Shangsunjia [111] 上孫家 Qinghai, PRC c. 900-600 BC/Kayue Culture; 202 BC - AD 220/Han Dynasty Collagen QC not provided
Zhaojiashuimo [119] 趙家水磨 Gansu, PRC 820-415 BC/Shanma Culture Elemental concentrations too high
Gudongtan [119] 古董灘 Gansu, PRC 794-431 BC/Shanma Culture Elemental concentrations too high
Minqin Sanjiaocheng [119] (民勤)三角城 Gansu, PRC 775-539 BC/Shajing Culture Elemental concentrations too high
Shichengshan [119] 石城山 Gansu, PRC c. 770-220 BC/Eastern Zhou Elemental concentrations too high
Changxinyuan [115] 暢馨園 Henan, PRC c. 770-220 BC/Eastern Zhou Raw data not provided in report Raw data provided in Liu et al., [116].
Linxi Daijing 林西大井 Inner Mongolia, PRC c. 770-220 BC/Eastern Zhou Cannot locate reference Raw data provided in Liu et al., [116].
Xiyasi [115] 西亞斯 Henan, PRC c. 770-220 BC/Eastern Zhou Raw data not provided in report Raw data provided in Liu et al., [116].
Puge Xian [112] 普格縣 Sichuan, PRC c. 475 BC – AD 220/Warring States to Han Collagen QC not provided
Qilangshan [123] 七郎山 Inner Mongolia, PRC c. 220 BC-150 AD/Eastern Han (early Xianbei) Raw data not provided in report
Yangtun [112] 楊屯 Liaoning, PRC c. 698-926 AD /Balhae Kingdom Collagen QC not provided
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2. Experimental Design, Materials and Methods

The area in concern is designed to collect isotopic data that can capture the development and spread of agriculture in Northeast Asia. The earliest evidence of crop domestication in Northeast Asia is found at an early Neolithic site Nanzhuangtou 南莊頭, (c. 9,550–9,050 cal. BC) [124], located about 100km southwest of the modern city of Beijing, PRC (see Fig. 1) – unfortunately, no isotopic data is available from this site. Treating this site as the tentative “ground zero” of the Northeast Asian agricultural revolution, a circle with a radius of roughly 1,500 km is drawn around the site, where isotopic data are collected from within.

In terms of time period, all sites involved are dated between c. 7000 BC to AD 1000. Note that as a majority of the publications describe the chronological periods of archaeological sites using the BC/AD (or BCE/CE) framework, all periods described in BP will be converted to BC/AD. All reported time periods are gathered from the studies reporting the stable isotope data, more refined chronology of the sites may be available in other associated reports.

Geographically, this area is consisted of several distinctive geological features, including plains, mountains, steppes, plateaus, deserts, and islands. A general description of the geographic zones, altitude, and cultural affiliations are included in Table 1. Few coordinates are exact. For a vast majority of the sites, coordinates are extrapolated from textual descriptions, therefore only represent the approximated locations of the sites. Elevations are obtained from mapcoordinates.net (https://www.mapcoordinates.net/en) using the approximated coordinates described above. Distances to the coast (online database only, not shown in Table 1) are estimated using the “measure distance” function on Google Maps. Note that the “coast” refers to the modern coastline as shown on the satellite view on Google maps. Therefore, all these measurements should only be treated as a general reference.

Meta-datasets from archaeological contexts should not be constrained by modern geo-political borders, therefore, the area chosen for data collection is not limited by such. The data included in this dataset come from archaeological sites traversing several modern countries. Therefore, wherever possible, bibliographic information (i.e. author names, article/book/thesis titles), and site names are provided in both the original published language as well as English. This is an important point, as Romanization of site names can be inconsistent across publications: e.g. 乾骨崖 can be spelled as Ganguya [18,119] or Ganguai [7]; and 순흥 벽화 고분 was spelled as Sunhung Mural Tomb in one study [101], and as Sunheung Mural Tomb in others [125,126]. By providing bibliographic information and site names in its original language, users of this dataset should be able to locate the original publication(s) regarding particular site(s), or to pursue more information on particular site(s) beyond the references provided here. Note that the original site names cannot be recovered for two of the sites, Xinhua (Shaanxi, PRC) and Zhanguo (Shaanxi, PRC), due to the lack of precise information provided in the original report [22]. Three other site names from the same report: Lintong, Lixian, and Xunyi are county names and therefore offer little information about the sites. Hence, the coordinates of these five sites are only estimated from the figure provided in the original report.

Data are systemically collected using academic search engines Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/), the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (https://www.cnki.net/), and ScienceON (https://scienceon.kisti.re.kr/main/mainForm.do), with keywords such as “archaeology”, “stable isotope analysis”, “collagen”, “carbon isotope”, “nitrogen isotope”, “palaeodiet”, in English, Chinese, and Korean. Search results included publications in peer-reviewed journals, research dissertations/theses, and book chapters. Focusing on reports published before December 2019, only collagen (bone and dentine) stable isotope data are collected. In some instances, the same dataset is published in multiple languages. In that case, only one publication is cited. This collection is by no means an exhaustive list of all stable isotopic data from within the described geographical and temporal zones. It is hoped that this effort can serve to initiate more active research sharing and collaborations among Asian archaeologists, and more importantly, to encourage more scholars to contribute their research data from the region to help filling in the temporal and geographical gaps in the current dataset.

Descriptions of the collagen extraction protocol are provided in all reports, mostly following the standard procedure after the Longin method [127], with various minor modifications. Not all studies report conventional QC criteria for collagen. In this collection, only studies that include at least the atomic C/N ratios are included. All data in this dataset has atomic C/N ratios between 2.9 and 3.6, and has passed all other QC criteria, whenever included [1], [2], [3], [4]. While there are certain advantages to also include data that is not reported with, or did not pass the QC criteria, the key priority of this database is to allow users to obtain data that is immediately comparable. Therefore, users interested in those excluded data are recommended to seek out the original reports. For stable sulfur isotope data, even though most studies follow the QC outlined in Nehlich & Richards’ report [128], the efficacy of using %S to determine whether diagenetic changes have taken place is debated [129]. Therefore, before a universally accepted QC for stable sulfur isotope measurements in collagen is established, all previously published δ34S values are included in this dataset, along with information of their elemental compositions (%S, C/S, N/S). Users are encouraged to check the elemental compositions associated with all S isotope data in this dataset carefully before selecting the data for analysis.

Most studies report isotopic measurements to 1 significant figure. However, some report up to 3 significant figures. To ensure consistency, all isotope measurements are round up to 1 significant figure. Regarding precision, accuracy, and overall uncertainty of measurements, unfortunately, very few studies reported detailed information regarding check standards and calibration methods. Furthermore, it has been noticed that non-matrix matched materials (i.e., non-collagen) were used as internal standards in some instances. Unfortunately, there is little that can be done post-hoc, therefore users are warned that a level of assumption has to be made concerning the comparability and compatibility of the data. Future studies are thus urged to report carefully and fully on their calibration methods, as detailed in Szpak et al.’s study [130].

Last but not the least, high elemental concentrations (e.g. averages of %C and %N higher than 45% and 15%, respectively) have been observed in several studies [21,22,35,54,119]. As the collagen yields, atomic C/N ratios, and isotopic measurements appear to be admissible for most samples, it is speculated that the unusually high elemental concentration was a result of calibration error, which could be rectified if the elemental concentrations of the standards were provided. Another possibility is that the higher than usual elemental concentrations may be a result of contamination. At current stage, it is not possible to draw any conclusion without detailed measurements from the standards used in these analytical sessions. Herein, data from all but one report [119] are still included in this collection, provided the samples still meet the conventional QC criteria. Data from Yang et al., [119] are excluded for now, as the elemental concentrations (%C and %N) for more than half of the samples analysed are higher than those of the conventional acceptable thresholds [3]. It is hoped that these data can be added to the collection in the future if the problem proves to be a calibration issue.

Ethics Statement

This study does not involve any modern human or animal subject.

CRediT Author Statement

Christina Cheung: Conceptualization, Methodology, Data curation, Writing.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The author declares that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships which have or could be perceived to have influenced the work reported in this article.

Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments

The author is grateful to Dr. Kevin Salesse for his technical support. Thanks go to Joe C Hepburn for making the map, and to Drs. Christine Lee and Michael B.C. Rivera for help with site names translation. The author is supported by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (Project-ANR-17-CE27-0023 704 “NEOGENRE”).

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