Abstract
Introduction:
Augmentation of the number of trained basic life support (BLS) providers can remarkably reduce the number of cardiac arrest victims. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of BLS awareness among students of medical sciences in Iran.
Methods:
This multicenter cross-sectional study was performed on medical students at the 4 major medical schools in Tehran, the capital of Iran, between Jan 2018 and Feb 2019, using convenience sampling method. The level of medical sciences students’ awareness of BLS was measured using an international questionnaire.
Results:
Finally, 1210 students with the mean age of 21.2 ± 2.3 years completed the survey (79% female). 133 (10.9%) students had CPR experience and none had received any formal training. None of the responders could answer all questions correctly. The mean awareness score of participants was 11.93 ± 2.87 (range: 10.13 -17.25). The awareness score of participants was high in 49 (4.04 %) participants, moderate in 218 (18.01%), and low in 943 (77.93%) of studied cases.
Conclusion:
Based on the findings of this study, more than 70% of the studied medical sciences students obtained a low score on BLS awareness.
Key Words: Awareness, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, heart arrest, attitude
1. Introduction:
Cardiac arrest is a fatal condition responsible for a large number of deaths in the modern world, and it has remained common worldwide (1–3). Deaths caused by cardiac arrest can be prevented via simple maneuvers and skills most of the time (5). Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a life-saving and valuable technique that was invented back in 1960 (6); it is indeed a facile procedure that permits almost everyone to sustain life and decreases mortality up to 50% in golden minutes after cardiac and respiratory arrests (7,8).
Based on the place in which a cardiac arrest takes place, it is divided into two categories of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA). OHCA occurs approximately in 19-104 per 100,000 persons each year (0.019-0.104%), and 10% of them are said to be saved at the hospital (9). Statics present that 350,000 people in Europe die annually because of OHCA (9). In the USA, OHCA is responsible for 760,000 deaths per year (10).
Augmentation of the number of trained basic life support (BLS) providers can remarkably reduce the number of cardiac arrest victims (16). Therefore, many countries worldwide have integrated these topics into the curricula of their educational centers or even workplaces believing that any individual in the society should have sufficient knowledge and awareness to provide BLS when needed (18). Having this in mind, expectation from physicians and paramedical staff is naturally higher as their career requires this knowledge.
This study aimed to evaluate the level of BLS awareness among Iranian medical sciences students studying in four major Iranian medical schools.
2. Methods:
2.1. Study design and participants
This multicenter cross-sectional study was performed on medical students studying in the 4 major medical schools (Tehran Medical Sciences of Islamic Azad University, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, and Iran University of Medical Sciences) in Tehran, the capital of Iran, between Jan 2018 and Feb 2019, using convenience sampling method. The level of medical sciences students’ awareness of BLS was measured using an international questionnaire. The study protocol was approved by Ethics committee of Iran University of Medical Sciences (IR.IUMS.REC.1399.1291).
2.2. Participants
Being a student in one of the fields of medical sciences (medicine, nursing, and midwifery) was the inclusion criterion. There was not any sex or age limitation in this study. Incomplete questionnaires were excluded (29 questionnaire).
2.3. Data gathering
Demographic data, age, CPR experience, sex, educational status, and attendance of BLS courses were collected using a checklist. In addition, an international questionnaire that measures the level of awareness about BLS was used for evaluating the awareness level of participants regarding BLS.
We used the Persian version of the international questionnaire measuring the awareness of participants regarding BLS. This questionnaire was designed by Özbilgin Ş et.al. based on the latest version of AHA guideline. The international questionnaire measuring awareness of BLS has 20 multiple-choice questions and each question has 1 point (19). The range of scores of this questionnaire is 16-20 (high), 11-15 (moderate), and 0-10 (Low). Persian version of this questionnaire is validated by Ziabari et al. 2019 (6).
2.4. Statistical analysis
A required sample size of 1210 participants, was calculated using Rao soft software. For statistical analysis, SPSS software version 22 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, United States) was used. The findings were presented as mean ± standard deviation or frequency and percentage.
3. Results:
Finally, 1210 students with the mean age of 21.2 ± 2.3 years completed the survey (79% female). Baseline characteristics of studied participants are presented in table 1. Among the participants, 133 (10.9%) had CPR experience and none had received any formal training. Table 2 shows the results of students’ responses to 20 questions regarding BLS awareness. None of the responders could answer all questions correctly. The mean awareness score of participants was 11.93 ± 2.87 (range: 10.13 -17.25). The awareness score of participants was high in 49 (4.04 %) participants, moderate in 218 (18.01%), and low in 943 (77.93%) of studied cases.
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of studied participants
| Variable | Total |
|---|---|
| Age (year) | |
| Mean ± SD | 21.2 ± 2.3 |
| Sex | |
| Female | 956 (79.1) |
| Male | 254 (20.9) |
| Educational status | |
| Medical student | 643 (53.1) |
| Nursing student | 296 (24.5) |
| Midwifery student | 271 (22.4) |
| Experience of CPR | |
| Yes | 133 (11.0) |
| No | 1077 (89.0) |
| Attendance of BLS courses | |
| Yes | 194 (16.1) |
| No | 1016 (83.9) |
Data are presented as frequency (%). SD: standard deviation; BLS: basic life support; CPR: cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Table 2.
Answers to basic life support awareness questions
| Question | Answer | Correct |
|---|---|---|
| 1. What is the abbreviation of “BLS”? | Basic Life Support | 280 (23.1) |
| 2. When you find someone unresponsive on the road, what will your first response be? (Note: You are alone there) | Look for Safety | 149 (12.3) |
| 3. If you confirm somebody is not responding to you even after shaking and shouting at him, what will be your immediate action? | Activate EMS | 436 (36.0) |
| 4. What is the location for chest compression? | Mid Chest | 331 (27.4) |
| 5. What is the location for chest compression in infants? | One fingerbreadth above the nipple line | 230 (19.0) |
| 6. If you do not want to give mouth-to-mouth CPR, the following can be done EXCEPT | No CPR | 137 (11.3) |
| 7. How do you give rescue breathing in infants? | Mouth-to-mouth and nose | 364 (30.0) |
| 8. Depth of compression in adults during CPR | 1 to 1/2 inches | 137 (11.3) |
| 9. Depth of compression in Children during CPR | 1/2 to 1/3 depth of chest | 85 (7.0) |
| 10. Depth of compression in neonates during CPR | 1/2 to 1/3 depth of chest | 77 (6.4) |
| 11. Rate of chest compression in adults and Children during CPR | 100/min | 184 (15.2) |
| 12. Ratio of CPR is (single rescuer in the adult) | 30:2 | 179 (14.8) |
| 13. In a newborn, the chest compression and ventilation ratio is | 3:1 | 79 (6.5) |
| 14. What does abbreviation AED stands for? | Automated External Defibrillator | 61 (5.0) |
| 15. What does abbreviation EMS stands for? | Emergency Medical Service | 188 (15.5) |
| 16. If you and your friend are having food in a canteen and suddenly your friend starts expressing symptoms of choking, what will be your first response? | Confirm foreign body aspiration by talking to him | 401 (33.1) |
| 17. You are witnessing an infant who suddenly started choking while he was playing with the toy, you have confirmed that he is unable to cry (or) cough, what will be your first response? | Back blows and chest compression of five cycles each, then open the mouth and remove foreign body only when it is seen | 210 (17.4) |
| 18. You are witnessing an adult unresponsive victim who has been submerged in fresh water and just removed from it. He has spontaneous breathing, but he is unresponsive. What is the first step? | Keep him in recovery position | 85 (7.0) |
| 19. You noticed that your colleague has suddenly developed slurring of speech and weakness of right upper limb. Which one of the following can be done? | Possibly stroke, he may require thrombolysis, and hence activate emergency medical services | 100 (8.3) |
| 20. You notice a 50-year-old gentleman with retrosternal chest discomfort, profuse sweating, and vomiting. What is next? | Probably myocardial infarction, hence activate EMS, give him an aspirin tablet, and allow him to rest | 436 (36.0) |
4. Discussion:
Based on the findings of this study, more than 70% of the studied medical sciences students obtained a low score on BLS awareness.
Nowadays, with the growth of cardio-pulmonary diseases, the rate of cardiac arrest has been remarkably increasing (3-6). It is expected from a majority of community members to be efficiently aware of BLS (especially CPR) (7). CPR is one of the essential skills that people of a society have to learn because it is a life-saving skill and can reduce the number of OHCA victims (8). Based on the reports, performing proper basic life support can reduce the mortality rate, especially in OHCA (3-5, 7, 9).
The Findings in this cross-sectional study showed low awareness of BLS among medical sciences students. About 90% of cases had no experience of CPR, and more than 95% of participants had no idea about safety, and they did not know what they have to do when someone lies unresponsive on the street. Many people do not like to give mouth-to-mouth CPR due to health issues. According to the guideline of the American heart association, if someone does not like to give mouth-to-mouth or is not able to do it, that person should carry out Hands-Only CPR (13). The results demonstrated that only 11.3% of participants knew it. Based on these results, medical students' awareness of BLS is very low. Samiha Jarrah et al. had done research evaluating awareness and knowledge of BLS, and the results were similar to our study (3). They explained that the rate of knowledge and awareness of BLS is low.
In another study, Neha Baduni et al. did a research on the knowledge and awareness of BLS among dental practitioners (20). 104 persons had participated in their study, and results showed that none of them had complete awareness regarding BLS. Singh et al. conducted a survey among 241 dentists (16). Approximately 53% of them had not participated in any course about CPR or BLS.
In our study, none of the responders could answer all questions correctly, and none had received any formal training. The awareness of BSL in infants and children was low among participants. Only 7% of participants knew the correct depth of compression during CPR in children and 6.4% in neonates.
Since medical students make up the future of the country's healthcare system, the results of this study should be taken seriously. This study has shown a need for supplementary BLS training in curricula of Iran’s medical universities. More comprehensive studies could be performed in the future by collaborating with other universities in Iran to evaluate the awareness of medical sciences students regarding BLS. We suggest some new methods in medical students’ programs for teaching BLS including: VR-based serious games, teaching BLS to others, and reinforcing the students’ knowledge and awareness every year.
5. Limitations
Our study has some limitations. One of them is that it was conducted only in the four Medical Universities in Tehran and did not involve the whole country. This study only demonstrates and evaluates the awareness, and the knowledge and practice regarding BLS was not evaluated in this study. The number of students who completed the survey is not enough to generalize the results to other medical schools in Iran.
6. Conclusion:
Based on the findings of this study, more than 70% of the studied medical sciences students obtained a low score on BLS awareness.
7. Declarations:
7.1. Acknowledgments
None.
7.2. Author contribution
All authors made substantial contributions, revised the manuscript, and approved the final version for publication.
7.3. Funding sources
The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
7.4. Conflict of interest
None to Declare.
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