Abstract
Inducing animal viruses to adapt to chicken embryos or chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) is a common method to develop attenuated live vaccines with full security. Canine distemper virus (CDV) also does this, but the mechanisms and particular receptors remain unclear. Virus overlay protein blot assays were carried out on CEF membrane proteins, which were extracted respectively with a Mem-PER™ kit, a radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer or a modified co-immunoprecipitation method, and revealed a common 57 kDa positive band that differed from the 42-kDa positive band in Vero cells and also from those receptors reported in lymphocytes and 293 cells, indicating a receptor diversity of CDV and the possibility of the 57-kDa protein acting as a receptor that is involved in adaptive infection of CDV Kunming strain to CEF.
Key words: Canine distemper virus (CDV), Cellular receptor, Chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF), Vero cells, Virus overlay protein blot assay
Footnotes
Fundation items: Yunnan Provincial Education Board (08C0070); Yunnan Provincial Program for Introducing High-level Scientists (2009CI125).
References
- 1.Escoffier C., Gerlier D. Infection of chicken embryonic fibroblasts by measles virus: adaptation at the virus entry level. J Virol. 1999;73(6):5220–5224. doi: 10.1128/jvi.73.6.5220-5224.1999. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Fujita K., Miura R., Yoneda M., et al. Host range and receptor utilization of canine distemper virus analyzed by recombinant viruses: Involvement of heparin-like molecule in CDV infection. Virology. 2007;359(2):324–335. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.09.018. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Guo A. Z., Lu C. P. Identification of canine distemper virus receptor in cell lines. Chin J Virol. 2000;16(2):155–157. [Google Scholar]
- 4.Hirayama N., Senda M., Nakashima N., et al. Protective effects of monoclonal antibodies against lethal canine distemper virus infection in mice. J Gen Virol. 1991;72(11):27–30. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-72-11-2827. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Li H. F., Chen J., Chen P. F., et al. Biological characteristics of canine distemper virus isolated in Kunming. Chin Vet Sci. 2010;40(1):15–23. [Google Scholar]
- 6.Schmid E., Zurbriggen A., Gassen U., et al. Antibodies to CD9, a tetraspan transmembrane protein, inhibit canine distemper virus-induced cell-cell fusion but not virus-cell fusion. J Virol. 2000;74(16):7554–7561. doi: 10.1128/JVI.74.16.7554-7561.2000. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Seki F., Ono N., Yamaguchi R., et al. Efficient isolation of wild strains of canine distemper virus in Vero cells expressing canine SLAM (CD150) and their adaptability to marmoset B95a cells. J Virol. 2003;77(18):9943–9950. doi: 10.1128/JVI.77.18.9943-9950.2003. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Singethan K., Topfstedt E., Schubert S., et al. CD9-dependent regulation of Canine distemper virus-induced cell-cell fusion segregates with the extracellular domain of the haemagglutinin. J Gen Virol. 2006;87(6):1635–1642. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.81629-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Sun Z., Li A., Ye H., et al. Natural infection with canine distemper virus in hand-feeding Rhesus monkeys in China. Vet Microbiol. 2010;141(3–4):374–378. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.09.024. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Takemae N., Ruttanapumma R., Parchariyanon S., et al. Alterations in receptor-binding properties of swine influenza viruses of the H1 subtype after isolation in embryonated chicken eggs. J Gen Virol. 2010;91(4):938–948. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.016691-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Tatsuo H., Yanagi Y. The morbillivirus receptor SLAM (CD150) Microbiol Immunol. 2002;46(3):135–142. doi: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2002.tb02678.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Yanagi Y., Ono N., Tatsuo H., et al. Measles virus receptor SLAM (CD150) Virology. 2002;299(2):155–161. doi: 10.1006/viro.2002.1471. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Yoshikawa Y., Ochikubo F., Matsubara Y., et al. Natural infection with canine distemper virus in a Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata) Vet Microbiol. 1989;20(3):193–205. doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(89)90043-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Zipperle L., Langedijk J. P., Orvell C., et al. Identification of key residues in virulent canine distemper virus hemagglutinin that control CD150/SLAM-binding activity. J Virol. 2010;84(18):9618–9624. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01077-10. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]