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International Journal of Preventive Medicine logoLink to International Journal of Preventive Medicine
. 2021 May 15;12:41. doi: 10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_327_19

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Quality of Life in Diabetic Patients in Iran

Moloud Fakhri 1, Mohsen Abdan 1, Melina Ramezanpour 2, Ali Hasanpour Dehkordi 3,✉, Diana Sarikhani 1,✉
PMCID: PMC8223913  PMID: 34211672

Abstract

Background:

Diabetes is the fifth leading cause of death in the world, which reduces the patients' quality of life (QOL) and is considered as an important subject especially in medicine and medical community. The present study aimed at investigating the QOL of diabetic patients in Iran through meta-analysis.

Methods:

The search was conducted using relevant keywords in national and international databases including Iranmedex, SID, Magiran, IranDoc, Medlib, Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, Embase, Web of Science. Questionnaires WHOQOL, SF-36, SF-20, DQOL, QOL, PedsQL, ADDQOL, D-39, DQOL-BCI, SWED-QUAL, IRDQOL, PHG-2, EQ-5D, and IDQOL-BCI were used to assess the QOL. Heterogeneity of studies was assessed using I2 index. Data were analyzed using STATA version 11.

Results:

In 96 studies of 17,994 people, the mean score of QOL in diabetic patients was based on the questionnaires WHOQOL [66.55 (95% CI: 45.83, 87.26)], D-39 [129.43 (95%CI: 88.77, 170.10)], SF-36 [65.64 (95% CI: 59.82, 71.46)], SF-20 [46.50 (95% CI: 37.19, 55.81], DQOL [61.19 (95% CI: 35.73, 86.66)], QOL [117.91 (95% CI: -62.97, 298.79)], PedsQL [34.36 (95% CI: -31.49, 100.22)], ADDQOL [41.76 (95% CI: 12.01-71.50)], SWED-QUAL [59.19 (95% CI: 21.15, 97.23)], IRDQOL [105.92 (95% CI: 102.73, 109.10)], PHG-2 [61.00 (95%CI: 59.63, 62.37)], EQ-5D [0.62 (95% CI: 0.61, 0.64)], DQOL-BCI [3.40 (95% CI: 3.31, 3.49)], and IDQOL-BCI [22.63 (95% CI: -2.38, 47.64)].

Conclusions:

The QOL of diabetic patients was evaluated according to different types of questionnaires and the QOL of diabetic patients was found to be lower than normal population.

Keywords: Diabetes, meta-analysis, quality of life, systematic review

Introduction

World Health Organization defines quality of life (QOL) as an individuals' understanding of living condition in terms of culture and the prevailing community values following their goals, expectations, standards, and interests. Hence, QOL is closely related to physical, psychological, and mental condition, personal beliefs, level of self-reliance, mass communication, and environment.[1,2,3,4,5,6] One reason for the multidimensional complexity of QOL is that it includes different aspects of an individual's life. Another reason is that each individual has his/her own unique characteristics and his/her perception of a good or poor QOL is unique to that person.[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9] The subject of QOL is important since it may lead to frustration, lack of motivation for any attempt and reduction of social, economic, cultural, and health activities. QOL influences the socioeconomic development of a country in deeper dimensions. Modifying the QOL is considered as a part of disease control program.[7,8,9]

Diabetes is known as a “silent epidemic” and is considered a major public health problem in the United States and other parts of the world, including Iran. It is the most prevalent metabolic disease with an increasing incidence, which shortens life expectancy by one third[10,11,12] and affects various aspects of a patient's life, including psychological, physical, social, and economic condition, family life and sexual function.[13,14,15,16] Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are two major forms of this disease and include about 10--90% of the diabetes population, respectively.[17]

  1. According to the latest available data, about 171 million people suffer from diabetes worldwide. Asia is one of the regions with a high prevalence of diabetes.[18] Two percent of the Iranian population are suffering from the disease.[19] Due to the large proportion of diabetic patients in Iran and the direct impact of diabetes on the QOL of patients with diabetes, the present study aims to evaluate the QOL in diabetic patients in Iran. Considering that a meta-analysis study of the same title was published in 2016[20] and evaluated only two questionnaires (SF-20 and SF-36). Also the previous meta-analysis included only the results of 10 studies. The present meta-analysis was performed with the aim of updating the previous study and without considering the time limit, limiting the type of questionnaire and covering all studies published in this field. In the present meta-analysis, the QOL of diabetic patients was evaluated in the form of levels: Good, Moderate, and Poor. This issue was not presented in previous meta-analysis.

Methods

Search strategy

This is a systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at investigating the QOL of diabetic patients in Iran. In order to achieve the related documentation in Persian and English, two researchers independently searched both national and international databases, including Iranmedex, SID, Magiran, Iran-Doc, Med-Lib, Science-Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, Embase, Web of Science, and Medline using related Persian keywords and their English equivalents: “Iran,” “meta-analysis,” “diabetes,” and “quality of life,” The keywords were searched using AND/OR operators. The search was performed without time limit until 22.04.2020. However, the articles in question were published between 2003 and 2020. The previous meta-analysis article published in this field belonged to 2016[20] and only examined the SF-20 and SF-36 questionnaires, while the current meta-analysis did not impose any restrictions on the type of questionnaires used in the reviewed articles. For this reason, various questionnaires such as: WHOQOL, SF-36, SF-20, DQOL, PedsQL, ADDQOL, D-39, DQOL-BCI, SWED-QUAL, and IRDQOL were evaluated. In cases of lack of access to the article's full text, the researchers asked the corresponding author for the full-text articles via email. To complete the search, Google Scholar was also searched.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Inclusion criteria included mentioning the QOL of diabetic patients in Iran in Persian and English. Exclusion criteria included non-random sampling, inadequate information in the article's text, and population other than diabetic patients.

Study selection

In the first phase of the search, 501 articles related to QOL of diabetic patients were found. After reviewing the titles, 289 duplicate and overlapping articles were excluded. Abstracts of all remaining articles were reviewed and 59 irrelevant articles were excluded. The full text of the remaining articles was reviewed then 57 studies were excluded due to having the exclusion criteria. Finally, 96 articles entered the qualitative evaluation stage.[Chart 1]

Chart 1.

Chart 1

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Flowchart of the entrance of studies into the systematic review and meta-analysis

Qualitative evaluation of studies

To check the quality of studies, the STROBE checklist (strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology)[21] was applied. This checklist includes 22 items that cover different parts of a report (sampling, measuring variables, objectives of the study, and statistical analysis). Each item was given one point and higher points were given to other items that we considered more important. In this phase, four unqualified articles were excluded and finally 96 articles entered the meta-analysis stage.

Data extraction

To reduce bias in reporting and error in data collection, two researchers independently extracted data from articles and entered the data into a checklist, which included the following items: The first author's name, title of study, sample size, year of publication, city of study, diabetes type, questionnaire title, the subjects' average age, mean and standard deviation of the QOL of diabetic patients, mean and standard deviation of quality of life dimensions, etc.

Statistical analysis

Considering that the QOL in diabetic patients score and its subgroups score were quantitative, the mean and standard deviation of these indices were extracted in each study and the variance of the mean was calculated using normal distribution. Considering the heterogeneity of the studies, a random effects model was used to combine the results of the studies. The I2 index was used to investigate the heterogeneity of the studies. A random effects meta-analysis was used to give a pooled estimate of prevalence of QOL for each measure. Metaregression was used to check heterogeneity among the studies and to find any association between the year of publication and the sample size with QOL in diabetic patients. Subgroup analysis was done according to sex, components, and questionnaire. All statistical analyses were performed using STATA ver 14. The significance level of the tests was considered to be P < 0.05.

Results

In 96 reviewed studies with a sample of 17,994, the mean QOL score in diabetic patients was based on WHO Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) [66.55 (95% CI: 45.83, 87.26)], D-39 [129.43 (95% CI: 88.77, 170.10)], Short Form-36 (SF-36) [65.64 (95% CI: 59.82, 71.46)], Short Form-20 (SF-20) [46.50 (95% CI: 37.19, 55.81)], Diabetes Quality of Life (DQOL) [61.19 (95% CI: 35.73, 86.66)], Quality of Life [QOL) (117.91 (95% CI: -62.97, 298.79)], PedsQL [34.36 (95% CI: -31.49, 100.22)], Audit of Diabetes Dependent Quality of Life (ADDQOL) [41.76 (95% CI: 12.01-71.50)], SWED-QUAL [59.19 (95% CI: 21.15, 97.23)], IRDQOL [105.92 (95% CI: 102.73, 109.10)], PHG-2 [61.00 (95% CI: 59.63, 62.37)], EQ-5D [0.62 (95% CI: 0.61, 0.64)], DQOL-BCI [3.40 (95% CI: 3.31, 3.49)], and Iranian version of the Diabetes Quality of Life Brief Clinical Inventory (IDQOL-BCI) [22.63 (95% CI: -2.38, 47.64)]. Considering the heterogeneity between the studies, the confidence interval for each study based on random-effects model is shown in Table 1.

Table 1.

Specifications of reviewed articles on the status of the quality of life of diabetic patients in Iran

ID Author Year of publication City of study Type of diabet Sample size Age mean Questionnaire Mean score of QOL SD of QOL
[22] Aghamolaei T 2003 Hormozgan type 2 80 32-72 WHOQOL-BREF
[23] Aghamolaei T 2005 Hormozgan type 2 71 51.3 WHOQOL-BREF
[24] Sadeghie Ahari S 2008 Ardebil type 2 110 52.5 SF-36
[25] Ahmadi A 2011 Chaharmahal& Bakhtiari type 2 254 30-65 Developed by reserch team
[26] Alavi A 2010 Chaharmahal& Bakhtiari type 1 22 15.33 PedsQL 0.78 0.48
[27] Baghianimoghadam MH 2008 Yazd type 2 120 25-75 SF-20 51.03 17.04
[28] Bazzazian S 2010 Tehran type 1 300 18-30 D-39 109.47 45.31
[29] Borzou SR 2010 Hamedan type 2 165 SF-36
[30] Safarabadi-Farahani T 2010 Tehran type 1 70 14.94 DQOL for youth 56.28 12.2
[31] Ghanbari A 2004 Guilan type 2 90 >40 SWED-QUAL 18.37 12.5
[32] Ghanbari A 2005 East-Azerbaijan type 2 117 >35 SWED-QUAL 28 8.1
[33] Haririan HR 2009 East-Azerbaijan type 2 150 20-60 SWED-QUAL
[34] Heydari M 2007 Zanjan type 1 47 11-20. Developed by reserch team 106.65 45.75
[35] Jafari P 2011 Fars type 1 94 8-.18 PedsQL 67.98 14.03
[36] Ghavami H 2005 west-Azerbaijan type 2 74 40-65 Developed by reserch team 98
[37] Shahab-Jahanlou AR 2011 Hormozgan type 2 256 27-72 WHOQOL-BREF26
[38] Shahab-Jahanlou AR 2011 Hormozgan typ1& type 2 76 49.15 IRDQOL
[1] Darvishpour-Kakhaki A 2005 Tehran typ1& type 2 131 47.3 SF-36
[39] Sedaghati-Kasbakhi M 2008 Mazandaran type 2 70 SWED-QUAL 131.72 25.88
[40] Kermansaravi F 2012 Sistan and Baluchestan type 1 100 14.6 DQOL for youth 52.65 14.58
[41] Khaledi S 2011 Kurdestan type 2 198 >18 SF-36 70.82 18.97
[42] Khamseh MA 2011 Tehran type 1 150 22.14 Developed by reserch team 69.01 13.03
[43] Peymani M 2007 Tehran typ 1 and type 2 302 >18 Developed by reserch team
[44] Rakhshanderu S 2006 Tehran type 2 40 40-65 DQOL 35.2 9.1
[45] Rasouli D 2011 Tehran patients with deiabetic foot ulcer 120 54.23 DFS
[46] Safavi M 2011 Ardebil type 2 123 30-70 QOL 234.27 5.18
[47] Sanjari M 2011 Kerman typ 1 and type 2 132 52.98 SF-36 314.18 138.24
[48] Shahrjerdi S 2009 Markazi type 2 27 >35 SF-36 83.08 11.06
[49] Sayadi N 2011 Khuzestan type 2 31 58.35 SF-36 1775.81 955.4
[50] Taghdisi MH 2011 Golestan type 2 78 49 WHOQOL 80.39 11.35
[51] Timareh M 2012 Kermanshah typ 1 and type 2 350 >18 SF-36
[52] Vares Z 2010 Isfahan typ 1 and type 2 310 >18 IRDQOL 105.8 44.1
[53] Vazirinezhad R 2010 Kerman 101 50.8 SF-36
[54] Yekta Z 2011 West-Azerbaijan type 2 250 60.73 SF-36 57.52 17.1
[38] Shahab-Jahanlou AR 2011 Hormozgan typ 1 and type 2 76 49.15 WHOQOL
[55] Mirfeizi M 2012 Karaj 180 53.47 IDQOL-BCI 9.89 2.51
[56] Shahi M 2017 Semnan type 2 60 57.82 QOL
[57] Najafi-Ghezeljeh T 2017 Tehran type 2 65 54.3 IDQOL-BCI 35.41 7.8
[58] Shamshirgaran SM 2016 Ardebil type 2 300 54.13 WHOQOL 53.07 7.09
[59] Hajian-Tilaki K 2016 Babol 750 67.85 SF-36
[60] Dadgostar H 2016 Tehran type 2 74 49.65 SF-36
[61] Jafari N 2014 Isfahan type 2 203 55.42 PHG-2 61 9.97
[62] Abdoli S 2015 Malayer type 2 40 35-85 WHOQOL-BREF
[63] Hadi N 2013 Shiraz typ 1 and type 2 300 50.98 SF-36
[64] Shavandi N 2010 Markazi type 2 17 48.52 SF-36 74.58 11.34
[65] Shayeghian Z 2013 Tehran type 2 100 55.4 ADDQoL 26.63 12.01
[66] Alipour A 2012 Yaza type 2 80 46.2 ADDQoL 56.98 18.63
[67] Afshar M 2014 Kashan type 2 56 14.75 IRDQOL 106 15.95
[68] Derakhshanpour F 2015 Gorgan type 2 330 50.6 WHOQOL-BREF 54.79 13.7
[69] Zaker MR 2016 Urmia 80 DQOL 46.04 4.3
[70] Didarloo AR 2016 Khoy type 2 352 43 WHOQOL-BREF 58.02 17.63
[71] Gholami A 2013 Neishabour type 2 1847 59.65 WHOQOL-BREF 12.18 2.3
[72] Torabi M 2014 Hamedan type 2 110 47.4 SF-36
[73] Izadi A 2014 Khoram Abad type 2 80 30-70 SF-20
[74] Khodabakhsi-Kulaei A 2015 Tafresh type 2 24 50.58 WHOQOL 68 11.08
[75] Mohammad-Shahi A 2014 Ahvaz type 2 110 53.69 SF-36
[76] Saeedpour J 2013 Tehran 60 40 SF-36 43.5 15.7
[4] Masoudi-Alavi N 2004 Tehran typ 1 and type 2 104 50.5 QOL 116.7 18.8
[77] Ghasemipour M 2009 Khoram Abad 150 18-65 QOL 2.77 0.79
[78] Eydi-Bayegi M 2014 Ahvaz type 2 50 46.2 WHOQOL-26 73.91 14.85
[79] Sadeghi T 2012 Rafsanjan 70 18-65 SF-36
[80] Zaree-Bahramabadi M 2012 Sanandaj type 2 48 30-50 SF-36 53.3 10.76
[81] Qashqaei S 2014 Shiraz type 2 42 35-65 SF-36 56.37 18.25
[82] Saadatjuo SAR 2012 Birjand type 2 100 42.82 SF-36 57.29 26.09
[83] Behrooz B 2016 Kermanshah type 2 16 49.47 WHOQOL-26 137.92 12.9
[84] Ebrahimi H 2014 Shahrood type 2 156 48.11 DQOL 164.53 63.21
[85] Mohammadshahi GHR 2016 Taybad type 2 20 47.75 SF-36
[86] Shams S 2015 Urmia 80 SF-36
[87] Mohammadpour Y 2008 Tabriz type 2 150 Self-made
[88] Ganjluo J 2015 Sabzevar type 2 75 35-65 ADDQOL-19
[89] Bidi F 2012 Bojnord type 2 40 52.17 SF-20 41.52 16.28
[90] Derakhshanpour F 2015 Gorgan type 2 330 51 WHOQOL
[91] Bahadori-Khosroshahi J 2011 Tabriz 100 20-60 WHOQOL-26 47.48 16.33
[92] Fooladvandi M 2014 Kerman type 2 96 53.08 SF-36 54.21 15.16
[93] Shahraki-Vahed A 2010 Zabol typ 1 and type 2 100 >7 SF-36
[94] Taghdisi MH 2011 Minudasht type 2 78 49 WHOQOL-BREF 80.39 11.35
[95] Sepehrnia I 2011 Karaj 30 40-65 SF-36 53.97 13.09
[96] Fathi-Ahmadsaraee N 2016 Karaj type 2 40 42.83 DQOL 26.37 4.51
[97] Moein M 2014 Kashan type 2 96 51.45 DQOL 105.23 16.06
[98] Khalili M 2016 Isfahan type 2 123 52 DQOL 1.88 0.36
[99] Hadipour M 2013 type 2 3472 59.4 EQ-5D 0.623 0.387
[100] Daneshvar S 2018 Ilam typ 1 and type 2 122 57.74 SF-36
[101] Soleimani Z 2016 Sabzevar typ 1 and type 2 189 51.7 DQOL-BCI 3.4 0.62
[102] Kaveh MH 2018 Shiraz type 2 207 55.35 DQOL 45.95 9.67
[103] Shafiee-Kandjani AR 2018 Tabriz type 2 263 SF-36 57.52 20.18
[104] Sotodeh-Asl N 2020 Semnan type 2 50 >18 SF-36 75.66 12.97
[105] Tafazoli M 2017 Mashhad type 2 90 43.58 SF-36 58.75 16.24
[106] Tavakkoli L 2017 Kerman type 2 198 54.91 WHOQOL-BREF
[107] Borhaninejad, VR 2016 Kerman 120 71.32 SF-36 46.48 20.45
[108] Zareipour MA 2017 type 2 250 35-65 SF-36 58.32 19.62
[109] Soleymanian T 2017 Tehran 219 62.2 SF-36 45.7 20.9
[110] Barzegar Damadi MA 2018 Sari type 2 15 43.5 D-39 151 33.17
[111] Shakeri M 2018 Bojnord type 2 18 53.5 SF-36
[112] Marzban A 2018 Yazd type 2 600 56.11 DQOL 79.34 11.02
[113] Ghaedrahmati A 2019 Isfahan type 2 12 44 SF-36 54.25 4.78
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According to the results, the mean QOL score in diabetic patients is presented in Table 2. In the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire, the highest and lowest scores of QOL score in diabetic patients were related to Social Activity (48.36) and the Mental (36.29), respectively. In the SF-36 questionnaire, the highest and lowest quality of life scores of diabetic patients were related to Limitation of Activity (52.72) and Peripheral (24.10), respectively. The mental dimension (20.75) and the Peripheral (9.60) had the highest and lowest QOL scores of diabetic patients in the SF-20 questionnaire. In the DQOL questionnaire, the highest and lowest QOL scores of diabetic patients were related to General Health dimension (41.25) and Social Activity (13.46), respectively. In the QOL questionnaire, the Peripheral dimension (20.23) and the Social Activity dimension (5.18) had the highest and lowest QOL scores of diabetic patients, respectively. In the PedsQL questionnaire, the highest and lowest QOL scores of diabetic patients were related to Emotion dimension (59.84) and Peripheral dimension (33.15), respectively. In the SWED-QUAL questionnaire, the highest and lowest QOL scores of diabetic patients were related to Physical dimension (21.84) and Physical Pain dimension (8.07), respectively. In the IRDQOL questionnaire, the highest and lowest QOL scores of diabetic patients were related to Social Activity dimension (69.53) and Physical dimension (57.03), respectively. In the PHG-2 questionnaire, the highest and lowest QOL scores of diabetic patients were related to Physical dimension (16.43) and Emotion dimension (9.84), respectively.

Table 2.

The mean QOL score in diabetic patients in Iran based on separate reviewed questionnaires

Questionnaire Subgroups: Diabetic Patients’ Quality of Life Number of studies The quality of life of diabetic patients (CI 95%) P I2 (%)
WHOQOL Total 10 66.55 (45.83, 87.26) <0.0001 100
Men 4 46.41 (14.76, 78.06) <0.0001 99.8
Women 4 42.33 (13.92, 70.73) <0.0001 99.9
Physical Aspect 15 41.06 (26.35, 55.78) <0.0001 100
Mental Aspect 14 36.29 (22.26, 50.33) <0.0001 100
Social Activity Aspect 14 48.36 (34.63, 62.09) <0.0001 100
Peripheral Aspect 11 36.73 (29.46, 44) <0.0001 99.9
General Health Aspect 2 31.70 (-24.34, 87.73) <0.0001 100
SF-36 Total 19 65.64 (59.82, 71.46) <0.0001 98.3
Men 1 49.86 (42.34, 57.38) - -
Women 1 63.62 (56.64, 70.60) - -
Physical Aspect 32 51.97 (42.75, 61.19) <0.0001 100
Mental Aspect 31 46.68 (38.99, 54.36) <0.0001 99.9
Social Activity Aspect 28 48.42 (41.37, 55.46) <0.0001 99.9
Peripheral Aspect 2 24.10 (22.94, 25.26) 0.143 53.4
Vitality Aspect 24 49.69 (43.26, 56.11) <0.0001 99.5
General Health Aspect 24 43.62 (37.0, 50.24) <0.0001 99.6
Physical Pain Aspect 26 51.16 (40.61, 61.70) <0.0001 99.9
Physical Role Aspect 12 48.31 (42.53, 54.10) <0.0001 96.5
Emotion Aspect 15 51.32 (45.18, 57.47) <0.0001 98.7
Limitation of Activity Aspect 12 52.72 (33.13, 72.31) <0.0001 99.7
SF-20 Total 2 46.50 (37.19, 55.81) 0.002 90
Men 1 54.80 (49.87, 59.73) - -
Women 1 48.47 (44.71, 52.23) - -
Physical Aspect 1 16.05 (15.42, 16.68) - -
Mental Aspect 1 20.75 (19.99, 21.51) - -
Social Activity Aspect 1 18.05 (17.43, 18.67) - -
Peripheral Aspect 1 9.60 (9.06, 10.14) - -
DQOL Total 10 61.19 (35.73-86.66) <0.0001 100
Physical Aspect 3 19.81 (8.70, 30.92) <0.0001 99.9
Mental Aspect 3 23.67 (10.00, 37.34) <0.0001 99.9
Social Activity Aspect 3 13.46 (7.03, 19.89) <0.0001 99.6
Peripheral Aspect 2 15.26 (-0.92, 31.44) <0.0001 99.9
General Health Aspect 1 41.25 (37.54, 44.96) - -
QOL Total 3 117.91 (-62.97-298.79) <0.0001 100
Physical Aspect 2 9.95 (-5.40, 25.29) <0.0001 99.8
Mental Aspect 2 8.84 (-3.54, 21.23) <0.0001 99.7
Social Activity Aspect 2 5.18 (2.09, 8.26) <0.0001 98.8
Peripheral Aspect 1 20.23 (19.13, 21.33) - -
PedsQL Total 2 34.36 (-31.49, 100.22) <0.0001 100
Physical Aspect 2 35.06 (-31.78, 101.89) <0.0001 99.9
Mental Aspect 2 34.29 (-30.44, 99.03) <0.0001 99.9
Social Activity Aspect 2 38.62 (-36.12, 113.37) <0.0001 99.9
Peripheral Aspect 2 33.15 (-30.76, 97.07) <0.0001 99.9
Emotion Aspect 1 59.84 (55.71, 63.97) - -
ADDQOL Total 2 41.76 (12.01, 71.50) <0.0001 99.4
Physical Aspect 1 -1.81 (-1.96, -1.66) - -
Mental Aspect 1 -0.94 (-1.11, -0.76) - -
Social Activity Aspect 1 -0.96 (-1.07, -0.85) - -
D-39 Total 2 129.43 (88.77, 170.10) <0.0001 95.4
SWED-QUAL Total 3 59.19 (21.15, 97.23) <0.0001 99.8
Physical Aspect 2 21.84 (14.66, 29.02) <0.0001 98.9
Physical Pain Aspect 2 8.07 (3.89, 12.26) <0.0001 98.8
Physical Role Aspect 1 9.70 (8.89, 10.51) - -
Emotion Aspect 2 20.48 (9.50, 31.47) <0.0001 99.5
IRDQOL Total 2 105.92 (102.73, 109.10) 0.952 0
Physical Aspect 1 57.03 (56.65, 57.41) - -
Mental Aspect 1 59.54 (59.29, 59.79) - -
Social Activity Aspect 1 69.53 (69.16, 69.90) - -
PHG-2 Total 2 22.63 (-2.38, 47.64) <0.0001 99.9
Physical Aspect 1 16.43 (15.60, 17.26) - -
Social Activity Aspect 1 16.04 (15.30, 16.78) - -
Emotion Aspect 1 9.84 (9.13, 10.55) - -
IDQOL-BCI Total 1 3.40 (3.31, 3.49) - -
Mental Aspect 2 11.82 (11.36, 12.29) 0.690 0
Social Activity Aspect 2 11.82 (11.36, 12.29) 0.690 0
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In the Sf-36 questionnaire, 15% of diabetic patients had a good QOL and 46% had a poor QOL. In the Sf-20 questionnaire, 29% of diabetic patients had a good QOL and 36% had a low QOL. In the QOL questionnaire, 36% of diabetic patients had a desirable QOL and 45% had a poor QOL. In the WHOQOL questionnaire, 55% of diabetic patients had an acceptable QOL and 37% had a poor QOL. In the SWED-QUAL questionnaire, 62% of diabetic patients had an acceptable QOL and 38% had a poor QOL. In the IRDQOL questionnaire, 11% of diabetic patients had an acceptable QOL and 66% had a poor QOL [Table 3].

Table 3.

The QOL of diabetic patients in Iran in three levels (good, fair, and poor)

Questionnaire Subgroups Number of study The QOL in diabetic patients (95%CI) P I2 (%)
SF-36 Good 3 15 (-2, 32) <0.0001 100
Fair 3 68 (53, 83) <0.0001 100
Poor 3 46 (0, 92) <0.0001 100
SF-20 Good 3 29 (14, 44) <0.0001 100
Fair 3 35 (30, 39) <0.0001 99.5
Poor 3 36 (32, 41) <0.0001 99.5
QOL Good 2 36 (24, 47) <0.0001 100
Fair 1 29 (29, 30) - -
Poor 2 45 (20, 71) <0.0001 100
WHOQOL Good 1 55 (55, 55) - -
Fair 1 56 (55, 56) - -
Poor 1 37 (37, 37) - -
SWED-QUAL Good 2 62 (19, 105) <0.0001 100
Poor 2 38 (-5, 81) <0.0001 100
IRDQOL Good 1 11 (11, 11) - -
Fair 1 23 (22, 23) - -
Poor 1 66 (66, 66) - -
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In order to perform additional analyzes, we plotted the meta-regression diagram. There was no significant statistical relationship in the study of meta-regression score of quality of life in diabetic patients based on the year of study (P = 0.565) [Figure 1]. This means that over time, the QOL of diabetic patients has not decreased. The relationship between QOL score in diabetic patients and the number of research samples was not statistically significant (P = 0.106) [Figure 2].

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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The relationship between quality of life score in diabetic patients and the year of publication

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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The relationship between quality of life score in diabetic patients and the sample size

Discussion

In 96 reviewed studies with a sample of 17,994, the QOL score in diabetic patients was 66.55 in WHOQOL, 65.64 in SF-36, 46.50 in SF-20, 61.19 in DQOL, 117.91 in QOL,129.43 in D-39, 34.36 in PedsQL, 41.76 in ADDQOL, 22.63 in IDQOL-BCI, 3.40 in DQOL-BCI, 0.62 in EQ-5D, 61.00 in PHG-2, 105.92 in IRDQOL, 59.19 in SWED-QUAL.

So far, several meta-analyzes have been conducted on the status of QOL in diabetic patients in Iran, which we will examine below: In a meta-analysis of T. Schram et al. (2009)[114] in The Netherlands, the aim was to investigate the relationship between depression and quality of life in diabetic patients. All studies suggest a negative association between depressive symptoms and at least one aspect of QOL in people with diabetes. People with diabetes with depressive symptoms also had a much lower QOL than diabetes.

  1. In meta-analysis of Kiadaliri et al. (2013),[115] 46 studies found that people with diabetes were less likely to have health-related quality of life (HRQoL) without diabetes. The study covered 20 of Iran's 30 provinces. Of these 46 studies, 5 were type 1 diabetes and 23 were type 2 diabetes, and other studies were a combination of different types of diabetes. However, our study covered the studies published until 2017, and therefore the number of studies studied in our study is about twice that of the 2013 meta-analysis.In 2016, Soleimannejad et al.[20] Studied the QOL of diabetic patients in 10 studies. And we decided to update this study: In the previous meta-analysis the number of studies studied was 10, whereas in the present study 82 studies were reviewed.

  2. In previous meta-analysis, only studies using questionnaires SF-36 and SF-20 were evaluated. However, in the present meta-analysis, all available questionnaires (WHOQOL-BREF, SF-36, SF-20, DQOL, QOL, PedsQL, ADDQoL, Youth Diabetes QOL and IDQOL-BCI) have been reviewed and no restrictions have been imposed on the questionnaire.

  3. The number of samples studied in the previous meta-analysis was 1,082, while in the present study 15,571 diabetic patients were evaluated.

  4. In the present meta-analysis, the QOL score of diabetic patients was examined by type of questionnaire and by dimensions of questionnaires and compared with each other, whereas this was not the case in previous meta-analysis.

  5. Current meta-analysis covers studies published as of December 31, 2016, while previous meta-analysis has carried out resource search for year 2015

  6. Current meta-analysis, in addition to the databases used by the previous meta-analysis, it has also examined the Cochrane, Embase, and Medline databases.

    Given the above, the present study is more complete than the previous meta-analysis study.

  7. In the present meta-analysis, the QOL of diabetic patients was evaluated in the form of levels: Good, Moderate, and Poor. This issue was not presented in previous meta-analysis.

Recently, two meta-analysis has been published in this regard, which we refer to: In meta-analysis Mokhtari et al. (2018)[116] of 5,472 samples, the mean physical dimension score in patients with type 2 diabetes (53.5, 95% CI: 43.1--63.9) and the mean mental dimension score (54.5, 95% CI: 47--61.9) was less. As the age of the samples increased, the mean HRQoL score in diabetic patients in Iran decreased significantly.

In a meta-analysis of Dehvan et al.) 2019(,[117] the QOL of type 2 diabetes patients in Iran was examined. The mean QOL of patients with type 2 diabetes was 61.90 (95% CI: 54.40--6940.). The highest and lowest QOL was achieved in terms of social support (49.19) and mental health (42.96). In this study, the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was used to assess the QOL of diabetic patients and therefore the number of studies studied was limited (16 studies). However, in our study, we did not have any restrictions on the type of diabetes or the type of questionnaire. A meta-analysis of Khunkaew et al. (2018),[118] 12 studies in Australia found this conclusion. Overall, the HRQOL of participants in the studies was poor on four of eight subscales in the SF-36: Physical functioning (42.75); role physical (20.61); general health (39.52); and vitality (45.73). The results of this study are almost consistent with the results of the present meta-analysis.[113,114,115,116]

Thommasen et al. conducted a study on the people of China, Malaysia, and India. In China, the mean scores of physical functioning was 83.3, public health was 69.3, social functioning was 83.9, and mental health was 72.9. In Malaysia, the mean scores of physical functioning was 86.6, public health was 68.6, social functioning was 78.8, and mental health was 75. In India, the mean scores of physical functioning was 73.9, public health was 70.1, social functioning was 86.1, and mental health was 71.5.[119]

QOL[1,118,119] Given that varied data have been archived for QOL of diabetic patients, the present meta-analysis was used to obtain an accurate estimate of the QOL of diabetic patients.

Conclusions

In this study, the QOL of diabetic patients was evaluated according to different types of studied questionnaires. We found that QOL of diabetic patients was lower than normal society. According to the results, the highest and lowest mean QOL score in diabetic patients in Iran were related to the D-39 questionnaire (129.43) and the EQ-5D questionnaires (0.62), respectively.

Limitations of the study

The limitations of the present study include lack of access to the full text of articles, lack of sufficient data in some articles, lack of reference to mean and standard deviation of QOL score in diabetic patients in some studies, and lack of uniform distribution of studies in different regions of Iran.

Authors' contribution

MF, MR, MA and DS searched the literature and analyzed the papers. The extraction stage was performed by MR, MA and DS. DS, MF, AHD prepared the manuscript. All authors read and signed the final paper.

Supplement

S1: Abbreviated table

Full name Abbreviated name
Quality of life QOL
WHO Quality of Life-BREF WHOQOL-BREF
Short Form-36 SF-36
Short Form-20 SF-20
Diabetes Quality of Life DQOL
Quality of Life QOL
The World Health Organization Quality of Life WHOQOL
Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory PedsQL
Audit of Diabetes Dependent Quality of Life ADDQoL
Open in a new tab

Iranian version of the Diabetes Quality of Life IDQOL-BCI Brief Clinical Inventory

Ethical considerations

Ethical issues (including plagiarism, data fabrication, double publication) have been completely observed by the authors.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

Footnotes

1

Quality of life

2

WHO Quality of Life-BREF

3

Short Form

4

Diabetes Quality of Life

5

Quality of Life

6

Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory

7

Audit of Diabetes Dependent Quality of Life

8

Iranian version of the Diabetes Quality of Life Brief Clinical Inventory

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