Table 3.
Technological properties of the bread samples. The results show mean values ± standard deviations. Values with the same lower-case letter in a row do not differ significantly from each other.
| Controls | Source of Fibre | High in Fibre | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bakers Flour (C1) | Wholemeal Flour (C2) | EverVita FIBRA | EverVita PRO | EverVita FIBRA | EverVita PRO | |
| Specific Volume (mL/g) | 4.46 ± 0.26 (a) |
2.28 ± 0.07 (c) |
4.66 ± 0.23 (a) |
4.38 ± 0.31 (a) |
3.72 ± 0.37 (b) |
2.17 ± 0.05 (c) |
| Hardness (N) | 4.76 ± 1.20 (e) |
24.54 ± 3.68 (b) |
4.77 ± 0.65 (e) |
6.25 ± 1.49 (de) |
9.03 ± 1.28 (cd) |
36.36 ± 1.99 (a) |
| Chewiness (N) | 8.39 ± 1.67 (c) |
14.24 ± 1.79 (b) |
3.25 ± 0.56 (f) |
4.32 ± 1.26 (e) |
6.40 ± 1.18 (d) |
20.32 ± 1.20 (a) |
| Staling rate (-) | 1.60 ± 0.31 (b) |
1.32 ± 0.45 (bc) |
2.66 ± 0.42 (a) |
2.70 ± 0.51 (a) |
2.55 ± 0.49 (a) |
1.24 ± 0.15 (c) |
| Slice Area (mm2) | 10323 ± 590 (a) |
4990 ± 388 (e) |
10469 ± 432 (a) |
9677 ± 640 (b) |
8970 ± 568 (c) |
5701 ± 369 (d) |
| Number of Cells | 5228 ± 349 (b) |
2794 ± 144 (c) |
5434 ± 383 (b) |
5997 ± 268 (a) |
5234 ± 296 (b) |
5336 ± 514 (b) |
| Cell Diameter (mm) | 2.43 ± 0.20 (a) |
1.25 ± 0.20 (d) |
2.32 ± 0.12 (a) |
1.88 ± 0.10 (c) |
2.08 ± 0.11 (b) |
1.31 ± 0.13 (d) |
| ΔE crust (compared to C1) | - | 11.17 ± 2.65 (a) |
10.91 ± 2.11 (ab) |
10.95 ± 1.87 (ab) |
9.03 ± 1.93 (ab) |
8.21 ± 4.47 (b) |
| ΔE crust (compared to C2) | 11.17 ± 2.65 (b) |
- | 15.08 ± 2.42 (a) |
16.54 ± 2.55 (a) |
11.27 ± 1.46 (b) |
8.93 ± 2.30 (b) |
| ΔE crumb (compared to C1) | - | 17.66 ± 2.86 (b) |
5.28 ± 3.39 (c) |
8.92 ± 2.80 (bc) |
13.05 ± 3.74 (b) |
22.43 ± 2.71 (a) |
| ΔE crumb (compared to C2) | 17.66 ± 2.86 (a) |
- | 14.74 ± 3.43 (ab) |
9.60 ± 2.63 (b) |
6.14 ± 2.52 (b) |
5.69 ± 2.20 (b) |
| Water activity | 0.951 ± 0.008 (a) |
0.953 ± 0.009 (a) |
0.938 ± 0.019 (a) |
0.947 ± 0.023 (a) |
0.940 ± 0.026 (a) |
0.947 ± 0.019 (a) |
| Day of first microbial growth | 6.00 ± 1.00 (b) |
6.67 ± 0.58 (b) |
6.00 ± 0.00 (b) |
9.00 ± 1.00 (a) |
6.33 ± 0.58 (b) |
9.33 ± 0.58 (a) |